1. 6/23/2018
Sequential and Total Effect of Traditional and Emerging Manure Treatment Processes on Dairy CAFO: Gaseous Emission and Nutrient Fate
Khalil, T.M., Carlson, B., Nelson, R., Uslar, N., Ewing, T., Frear, C., Stockle, C.
Land Air Water Resources and Environmental Engineering (LAWREE), Department of Biological Systems Engineering
July 29, 2015
Template D Plain-white-dark 1

2. Outline Background Challenges and Possible Solutions
Modeling tool, and Scenarios
Results
Conclusion

3. Background
What is an Animal Feeding Operation (AFO) / Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)?
Animal Feeding Operation (AFO):
Livestock kept in confinement/Stabled for 45 or more days in a year, and there is no crop grown or postharvest residue left in animal lot or facility
Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO):
An AFO that meet regulatory definition of a CAFO may be regulated under the NPDES permitting program

4. Background Large CAFO: Medium CAFO: Small CAFO:
Herd Size= > 1000 AU
Medium CAFO:
Herd Size = 300–999 AU, and
Manure wastewater or animals come into contact with surface water
Small CAFO:
Herd Size< 300 AU, and
Flagged as significant contributor of pollutants by permitting authority
1 AU = Livestock animal having 454kg body weight
Beef Cow = 1 AU
Dairy Cow = 1.4 AU
Sheep/Lamb = 0.1 AU
Swine (<50lb) = 0.1 AU
Chicken = AU

5. Background CAFOs Boom Dairy Farm vs Herd Size
US Dairy Inventory = 9.3 million
Total Farms = 51500
Bulk manure production
Environmental Problems
NH3 and PM2.5
GHG Emission
Water Resources Contamination

6. Challenges Legislation to protect degradation Ammonia Emission (EPCRA)
Reducing Risk of Water Resources Degradation
(CWA-CNMP)
Greenhouse Gases Reporting Program (GHGRP)
How to Comply?
Reduce the Herd Size
Increase the land for manure application
Apply manure treatment techniques

7. Solutions Traditional Techniques Coarse fiber separation
Emerging Techniques
Anaerobic Digestion
Fine Solids Removal (DAF/Centrifugation)
Ammonia Stripping

8. Objectives
What will be the GHG and ammonia emission for different treatments scenarios from unit operation and whole-farm perspective?
Nutrients value of lagoon effluent before land application?

9. Scenarios Evaluation 1. Baseline
Animal– Barn – Coarse Separation – Lagoon
Barn
Coarse Fiber Removal
Animal
Lagoon

10. Scenarios Evaluation 2. Anaerobic Digestion
Animal– Barn –Anaerobic Digestion – Coarse Separation – Lagoon
Barn AD
Coarse Fiber Removal
Animal
Lagoon

11. Scenarios Evaluation
3. Anaerobic Digestion and Coarse & Fine fiber Separation
Animal– Barn –Anaerobic Digestion – Solids Separation – Lagoon
Barn AD
Coarse Fiber Removal
Animal
Fine Solid Removal
Lagoon

12. Scenarios Evaluation 4. Incorporation of Ammonia Stripping
Animal– Barn –Anaerobic Digestion – Solid Separation – Ammonia Stripping– Lagoon
Barn AD
Coarse Fiber Removal
Animal
NH3_N Recovery
Fine Solid Removal
Lagoon

13. Approach Dairy CAFO Model:
Based on animal feed intake, estimates of N, C and P in manure
GHG and ammonia emission from animal, barn, and lagoon
Nutrient balance through mass balance approach
Manure Management tools (AD, SS and NR)

14. Input Parameters and Site Description
Location
Yakima Valley, WA
Herd Size
3000
Body Weight (kg)
635
DMI (kg/d)
17.5
CP (%)
16.8
Barn Area (m2/AU)
2.55
Max Lagoon Volume (m3)
153000
Lagoon Area (m2)
38250
Manure Scrape (per day) 3

15. Results
Objective1: Contribution of Animal, Barn, and Lagoon to Whole Farm GHG Emissions:
SC1:
Coarse fiber removed
SC2:
AD+Coarse fiber removed
SC3:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed
SC4:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping
27%
46%

16. Results
Objective1: Contribution of Barn, and Lagoon to Whole Farm NH3 Emissions:
11%
SC1:
Coarse fiber removed
SC2:
AD+Coarse fiber removed
SC3:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed
SC4:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping
51%

17. Results Objective2: Lagoon Effluent Nutrients Value: Sc1 Sc2 Sc3 Sc4
Sc1
Sc2
Sc3
Sc4
Total Nitrogen (kg)
352,255
327,511
219,125
87,353
Organic-N
113,490
70,954
36,499
Inorganic-N
238,765
256,557
182,626
50,853
Phosphorous, kg
63,437
12,116
Carbon, kg
1,266,286
717,844
586,908
586908
C/N
3.6
2.2
2.7
6.7
N/P
5.6
5.2
18.1
7.2
SC1:
Coarse fiber removed
SC2:
AD+Coarse fiber removed
SC3:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed
SC4:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping

18. Results Objective2: Lagoon Effluent Nutrients Value: % Reduction Sc2
Total N
7.02
37.79
75.20
Org N 37 68
Inorg N
(7) 24 79
SC1:
Coarse fiber removed
SC2:
AD+Coarse fiber removed
SC3:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed
SC4:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping

19. Results Objective2: Lagoon Effluent Nutrients Value: 81% SC1:
Coarse fiber removed
SC2:
AD+Coarse fiber removed
SC3:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed
SC4:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping

20. Results Objective2: Lagoon Effluent Nutrients Value: 43% 54% 54% SC1:
Coarse fiber removed
SC2:
AD+Coarse fiber removed
SC3:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed
SC4:
AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping

21. Conclusion
Dairy animals have higher contribution to GHG emission (enteric fermentation and respiration)
GHG emission reduces with Anaerobic Digestion (AD) followed by Solids Separation (SS)
AD increases TAN, hence NH3 volatilization
Nitrogen recovery reduces NH3 losses by 51%
Whole-farm analysis is realistic approach to account and understand the impact of treatment or set of treatments

22. Future Work
Dairy CAFO
CropSyst
Dairy-CropSyst

23. Acknowledgments

24. Thank You Questions? Tariq M Khalil Washington State University
Pullman, WA