1. Animals & Behavior
Chapter 13

2. The Animal Kingdom Section 1 Over 1 million species of animals
Vertebrate = any animal with a skull and a backbone.
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals (less than 5% of known animal species are vertebrates)
Invertebrate = animals without back bones
Insects, snails, jellyfish, worms

3. Section 1

4. That’s an Animal? Section 1
There is no single answer to what is an animal? But all animals share characteristics that set them apart from all other living things.
Animals have many cells
Multicellular = made of many cells (we have trillions of cells in our bodies)
Animal cells are eukaryotic and they don’t have cell walls (they are only surrounded by cell walls)

5. That’s an Animal? Cont. Section 1
Animals usually reproduce by sexual reproduction
Animals usually make sex cells: eggs or sperm
When an egg & sperm come together fertilization! They form the first cell of a new individual
Some animals (like sponges & starfish) can also reproduce asexually
Budding & division

6. That’s an Animal? Cont. Animals develop from embryos Section 1
The fertilized egg cell divides into many different cells to form an embryo
Embryo = an organism in the earliest stage of development.

7. That’s an Animal? Cont. Section 1 Animals have many specialized parts
have distinct parts that do different things
These parts begin to differentiate soon after fertilization.
Tissues = collections of similar cells
Muscle, nervous, etc.
Organs = the combination of two or more tissues
Heart, lungs & kidneys
Your different organs preform different jobs

8. That’s an Animal? Cont. Section 1 Animals Move
Most animals move – they fly, run, swim, & jump
They move quickly and in a single direction
Some animals do not move much – attach to rocks & wait for food to come to them. (Sea anemones & clams)

9. That’s an Animal? Cont. Section 1 Animals are Consumers
Animals cannot make their own food.
All animals survive by eating other organisms, parts of other organisms, or the products of other organisms.
Consumers = an organism that eats other organisms.

10. Animal Behavior Section 2 They move for a reason Run from enemies
Climb for food
Build homes
Battle for territory
Migrate

11. Survival Behavior Section 2 Looking for Lunch
Whatever the meal of choice, animals have adapted to their surroundings so that they can obtain the most food using the least amount of energy
How to Avoid Being Eaten
Predators = animals that eat other animals
Prey = the animal being eaten
Animals will pass up a good meal if it’s too dangerous to get

12. Survival Behavior: Cont.
Section 2
Survival Behavior: Cont.
Hiding Out
One way to avoid being eaten is to be hard to see.
Camouflage = blending in with the background
In Your Face
Physical features: send a clear signal of trouble to any potential predators (bull’s horns)
Chemicals: irritating to deadly (Skunk; Poison- dart frog)
Warning coloration – bright design used to advertise chemical weapons

13. Why Do They Behave That Way?
Section 2
Why Do They Behave That Way?
How do animals know when a situation is dangerous? How do predators know which warning coloration to avoid?
It’s in the Genes
Innate Behavior = behavior that doesn’t depend on learning or experience but is instead influenced by genes (Not all of these are present at birth)

14. Why Do They Behave That Way? Cont.
Section 2
Why Do They Behave That Way? Cont.
Animal School
Just because a behavior is innate doesn’t mean that it cannot be modified
Learn Behavior = behavior that has been learned from experience or from observing other animals. (humans inherently speak but the language that we speak is learned)
Nearly all animals can learn

15. Seasonal Behavior Section 2
Animals often must deal with the hardships of little food and/or bitter cold. How do they do this?
World Travelers
Migrate = to travel for one place to another and back again.
Animals migrate to find food, water, or safe nesting ground

16. Seasonal Behavior: Cont.
Section 2
Seasonal Behavior: Cont.
Slowing Down
Hibernation = a period of inactivity & decreased body temperature the some animals experience in winter (they survive off of body fat)
Mice, squirrels, skunks & bears
Estivation = a hibernation that some animals do during the summer.

17. The Rhythms of Life Section 2
Biological clock = the internal control of natural cycles (internal clock that tells animals when to do certain things)
Circadian rhythms = biological clock that controls daily life (when to wake up & when to sleep/eat/etc.)

18. How do Animals Find Their Way?
Section 2
How do Animals Find Their Way?
Navigate = find their way from one place to another.
Take a Left at the Post Office
Landmarks = fixed objects that an animal uses to find its way.
Compass Anyone?
Some animals use Earth’s magnetic field to navigate

19. Living Together Section 3
Social behavior = the interaction between animals of the same species
Can be friendly or hostile
Requires communication
Can be in large groups or one on one

20. Communication Section 3
Communication = a signal must travel from one animal to another, & the receiver of the signal must respond in some way
Helps animals live together, find food, avoid enemies, protect their homes, warn others of danger, identify family members, frighten predators, & to find mates.
Territory = an area that is occupied by one animal or a group of animals & other members of the species are excluded from

21. How Do Animals Communicate?
Section 3
How Do Animals Communicate?
They communicate through smell, sound, vision, & touch
Do You Sell Trouble?
Pheromones = chemicals animals give off to communicate with one another.
Trail substances, recognition odors, & attract mates
Do You Hear What I Hear?
Sound is an signal that can reach a large number of animals over a large area

22. How Do Animals Communicate? Cont.
Section 3
How Do Animals Communicate? Cont.
Showing Off
Body language – the process of communicating nonverbally through conscious or unconscious gestures & movement
Getting in Touch
An animal may also use touch to communicate

23. Part of the Family Section 3
Why do some animals live in groups, while others live apart?
The Benefits of Living in a Group
It is much safer than living alone
It helps animals find food
The Downside of Living in a Group
Groups attract predators, need more food
There is competition for food and mates
Diseases spread through groups more easily