2. Organic Chemistry Supplement Alkyl Halides React with Nucleophiles and Bases
Alkyl halides are polarized at the carbon-halide bond, making the carbon electrophilic
Nucleophiles will replace the halide in C-X bonds of many alkyl halides(reaction as Lewis base)
Nucleophiles that are Brønsted bases produce elimination

3. 11.2 The SN2 Reaction Reaction is with inversion at reacting center
Follows second order reaction kinetics
Ingold nomenclature to describe characteristic step:
S=substitution
N (subscript) = nucleophilic
2 = both nucleophile and substrate in characteristic step (bimolecular)

4. SN2 Transition State
The transition state of an SN2 reaction has a planar arrangement of the carbon atom and the remaining three groups

5. Stereochemistry of SN1 Reaction
The planar intermediate leads to loss of chirality
A free carbocation is achiral
Product is racemic or has some inversion

6. 11.6 Biological Substitution Reactions
SN1 and SN2 reactions are well known in biological chemistry
Unlike what happens in the laboratory, substrate in biological substitutions is often organodiphosphate rather than an alkyl halide

7. 11.8 The E2 Reaction and the Deuterium Isotope Effect
A proton is transferred to base as leaving group begins to depart
Transition state combines leaving of X and transfer of H
Product alkene forms stereospecifically

9. 3

11. Phosphoanhydride bonds found in ATP
This can be extended to
Phosphoanhydride bonds found in ATP 5