1. Vertebrates

2. Phylogeny of the vertebrates:
Roundworms
Segmented
worms
Arthropods
Flatworms
Echinoderms
Jellies
Sponges
Protochordates
____________
_____________
_________
Ancestral multicellular animal
Vertebrates

3. Simplest endoskeleton is found among __________
Types of endoskeleton
Simplest endoskeleton is found among __________
Composed of plate-like _________
one ossicle

4. Longitudinal endoskeleton occurs in Phylum _______
Better for muscle attachment, _________
Simplest form is found in the _____________
Plastic-like rod called a __________

5. True backbone is found only in vertebrates
Backbones and skulls comprised of “____” bone
________ in sharks and their relatives

6. A survey of deuterostome phyla
Echnioderms (“_____ skin”): Phylum: Echinodermata
Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars
Oldest deuterostomes, ~ ___ mya
Endoskeleton of ________

7. The Chordates: Phylum _________
Subphylum Cephalochordata: the _______
Plastic-like endoskeleton = ________
No ____ backbone or skull
lancelets

8. Subphylum Vertebrata
Oldest know vertebrates: Haikou Fish, ~ ___ mya
Resembled lancelets
But also had a _______ and enlarged brain
No paired appendages _____, but paired _______
May have evolved from segmented ______

9. Ostracoderms: “shell-skin” :~ ____ mya
Extinct jawless fish-like vertebrates
No ______ bony ____
Sifted muck through ____-like mouth
Had _______ appendages

10. Placoderms: “_____-skin”
~ ____ mya
Extinct jawed fish-like vertebrates
1st bony ___
Enabled active _________

11. Modern vertebrate Classes Modern Fish
Branched from early jawed fish ~ ___ mya
Pectoral fin
Pelvic fins
Paired pectoral and ______ fins
2-chambered heart, __________, poikilothermic

12. Tetrapods: 4-limbed ____ animals
Evolved “quickly” from early ____ fish ~ ___ mya
Bony bases of fish ____ became tetrapod limbs
Fin rays became _____ (fingers & toes)
Eusthenopteron
Acanthostega
Ichtyostega

13. Modern amphibians
Frogs & salamanders
Ancient origins, but many recent adaptations
Ancestors survived ________ of dinosaurs
Associated with ______
Skin soft, moist, more or less toxic
Most _________ through skin, not _____
__-chambered heart, ectothermic, ____________

14. Modern Reptiles
Evolved from early _________ tetrapod
Adapted to life __________water
_______ egg shell
Dry ______ skin
__-chambered heart, but _______ incomplete
Ectothermic, poikilothermic
Early reptiles dominated land & sea for ___ m.y.

15. Most dinosaurs went extinct ~___ mya
Cretaceous/Tertiary “K/T” extinction
Lots of _______ activity: gasses & particles in air
Large asteroid, _______ & soot deposited
Global cooling, inland seas receded
Vertebrate taxa that survived: modern reptiles, turtles, modern amphibians, birds
Gulf of Mexico
Yucatan
Chicxulub impact crater, ~150 mile diameter

16. Evolved from _________ dinosaurs ~____ mya
Birds
Evolved from _________ dinosaurs ~____ mya
E.g., _______ carnivores such as Tyrannosaurus
Scales became downy for _________
Down stiffened & elongated for _______
4-chambered heart, endothermic, __________
Feathered theropod dinosaur

17. Evolved from early reptiles ~____ m.y.a. 1st true mammals ~ ___ m.y.a.
Shrew-like
__-chambered heart
Endothermic & homeothermic
Diversified after dinosaurs died out
Had ecological edge over dinosaurs:
- hair, endothermy, _________ red blood cells
- small and _________
- _________ glands
- maternal bond, great ability to learn
Morganucodon

18. The main branches of mammals
Elephants &
manatees
Anteaters &
sloths
Rodents &
primates
Hoofed animals,
whales,
carnivores &
insectivores
_______
mammals
marsupials
egg-laying
mammals
Reptilian ancestors

19. Human evolution
Ape – human split: ~__ mya
“Ape-men”, Australopithecus, e.g., ____
True apes remained in ____
Australopithecus took to expanding _________
Became _______
First Homo ~___ mya
Several extinct Homo species recognized
Large brain, ____ use, _______, & home base
H. erectus spread from Africa ~ _ mya
Became Beijing and ____ Man, went ____
First Homo sapiens, ~_______ years ago, Africa
Evolved from H. ergaster, spread northward
Adaptations over the past 100,000 yrs:
Mostly ________ & _________

20. Geographic dispersal of Homo sapiens