1. Seminar on Knowledge Systems for Development:
Knowledge for Development Seminar, Center for International Development
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, October 30, 2003
Seminar on Knowledge Systems for Development:
A Survey of Core Questions and Answers
"Science, Salt Water and Submarines: Doing R&D with the Navy"
Harvard University
Kennedy School of Government
Presentation by
RADM Richard F. Pittenger, USN (Ret.)
Vice President for Marine Operations
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
October/November 2003

2. ASW as a Cumulative Conditional Probability Equation
Success
Detection
Classification
Localization
Attack
Kill = x
Probability of success is controlled by lowest probability.
ASW Campaign is a game of small numbers – i.e. attrition
(small individual encounter success rates add up to overall success).
October/November 2003

3. ASW and Submarine Warfare Force Level Builder in Cold War
SSBN – Ballistic Missile Sub
The survivable leg of the triad (second strike)
New mission
SSN – Nuclear Attack Submarines
No longer an anti-commerce mission
Now focused on ASW
Fixed Wing Aircraft – Maritime Air (VP)
Key to winning World War II ASW Campaign
No mission without Soviet Submarine Threat
Surface Reluctant Players (“Gun Club”)
Shore
Jobs for: Navy Labs, Academia, Industry
October/November 2003

4. Soviet Submarine Construction Effort
Threat Perception
Soviet Submarine Construction Effort
Recollection of Second Battle of the Atlantic
Missiles Close to U. S.
Short / No warning (This one gets Congress’s attention.)
SOSUS Primary Task - I & W
Submarines Threaten Allied Sea Control and
thus U.S. National Security
October/November 2003

5. Secrets to Success in PPBS Process
President – “Brickbat”
DOD
Navy – Pentagon and Fleet
Congress
Priority at all levels
Funding (ASW TOA FY ’86 ~ $14B)
October/November 2003

6. Technology / Knowledge “Push” and Requirement Pull (6.3  6.5)
Good RDT&E
Involves Both
Technology / Knowledge “Push” and
Requirement Pull (6.3  6.5)
The state of knowledge and the availability of
knowledgeable scientists, engineers, operators and
managers are key ingredients to developing
weapons systems.
October/November 2003

7. Technology/Knowledge
Examples
Technology/Knowledge
(Push)
Nuclear Powered Sub
Ballistic Missile
Deep Sound Channel
Hydrophone and Cable Technology (AT&T)
Acoustic Processing
Oceanography
Requirement
(Pull)
Survivable Strategic Missile Capability
SOSUS
October/November 2003

8. Technology/Knowledge
Examples
(continued)
Technology/Knowledge
(Push)
Long Range Acoustic Path
CZ, BB
Platform Quieting
Sonar and Sonobuoy Design
Transducer
Processing
Transmission
Oceanography
Requirement
(Pull)
ASW Sensors
Sonars
Sonobuoys
Towed Arrays
October/November 2003

9. Detection Problem Solution Need: large submarine threat Enabled by:
U. S. faced with “another”
large submarine threat
Soviets > 300 subs
Combination of nuclear power and ballistic missile tilts Cold War balance.
Subs, in general, threaten national security.
Solution
Need:
Large area-basin scale sensors
as well as tactical sensors
Enabled by:
Discovery of long-range acoustic
propagation paths – Ewing
Approach:
SOSUS – fixed arrays
Follow-up forces
MPA
SSN
Surface and air sensors
exploiting CZ and BB
October/November 2003

10. 200-Foot Isothermal Layer
The Shadow Zone Below a
200-Foot Isothermal Layer
Probing the Ocean for Submarines: A History of the AN/SQS-26 Long-Range, Echo-Ranging Sonar, A Memoir by Thaddeus G. Bell. Page 12. Distribution authorized to the Depart. Of Defense and U.S. DoD contractors only; Administrative or Operational Use; 28 March Other requests for this document shall be referred to the Naval Sea Systems Command (PMS-411).
October/November 2003

11. Deep-Ocean Sound Paths Exploitable by the SQS-26 Long-Range, Echo-Ranging Sonar
Probing the Ocean for Submarines: A History of the AN/SQS-26 Long-Range, Echo-Ranging Sonar, A Memoir by Thaddeus G. Bell. Page 2. Distribution authorized to the Depart. Of Defense and U.S. DoD contractors only; Administrative or Operational Use; 28 March Other requests for this document shall be referred to the Naval Sea Systems Command (PMS-411).
October/November 2003

12. Echo Versus Frequency Plots
at Two Ranges
Probing the Ocean for Submarines: A History of the AN/SQS-26 Long-Range, Echo-Ranging Sonar, A Memoir by Thaddeus G. Bell. Page 22. Distribution authorized to the Depart. Of Defense and U.S. DoD contractors only; Administrative or Operational Use; 28 March Other requests for this document shall be referred to the Naval Sea Systems Command (PMS-411). Page 22.
October/November 2003

13. Engagement Problem Solution NEARTIP – Near-Term Torpedo
Soviet submarines
Anechoic coatings
Double hull construction
Countermeasures
Fleet Performance
Weapon delivery accuracy (CEP)
Torpedo sonar range
Warhead lethality
Solution
NEARTIP – Near-Term Torpedo
Improvement Program
Improve MK46 Torpedo
Slow down
Better processing, CCM
Better explosive warhead
Advanced Lightweight Torpedo
Major R&D program ~$4B
Push sonar, propulsion,
guidance & control, warhead
to state-of-the-art and beyond
Better Fleet Tactics
Presidential Priority
October/November 2003