1. Introduction to Anatomy
Structure and Function

2. Overview of Week Monday Tuesday/Wednesday Thursday Friday
Structure and Function
Tuesday/Wednesday
Lab Day: Medical Terminology and Landmarks
Safety and Dissection
Thursday
Homeostasis
Friday
Landmarks Quiz
Homeostasis (continued)

3. Landmarks Quiz
Labeling
Figure 1-3 in Textbook, page 10

4. Anterior view Posterior view Frontal (forehead) Nasal (nose)
Ocular, orbital
(eye)
Cranial
(skull)
Otic (ear)
Cephalic
(head)
Cephalic (head)
Facial
(face)
Buccal (cheek)
Acromial
(shoulder)
Cervical
(neck)
Cervical (neck)
Oral (mouth)
Dorsal
(back)
Mental (chin)
Thoracic
(thorax, chest)
Axillary
(armpit)
Mammary
(breast)
Brachial
(arm)
Olecranal
(back
of elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Trunk
Upper
limb
Antecubital
(front of
elbow)
Umbilical
(navel)
Lumbar
(loin)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Pelvic
(pelvis)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar
(palm)
Manual
(hand)
Gluteal
(buttock)
Pollex
(thumb)
Digits
(fingers)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lower
limb
Popliteal
(back of knee)
Pubic
(pubis)
Patellar
(kneecap)
Femoral
(thigh)
Crural
(leg)
Sural
(calf)
Tarsal
(ankle)
Calcaneal
(heel of foot)
Digits
(toes)
Pedal
(foot)
Plantar
(sole of foot)
Hallux
(great toe) a
Anterior view b
Posterior view

5. Homework Recommendations
Textbook Reading, Sections 1.1 to 1.5
Review/Study for Quiz

6. What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Describes the structures of the body
What they are made of
Where they are located
Associated structures
Physiology
Is the study of
Functions of anatomical structures
Individual and cooperative functions

7. What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Human anatomy
Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures
Surface anatomy: exterior features
Regional anatomy: body areas
Sectional anatomy: cross sections
Systemic anatomy: organ systems
Clinical anatomy: medical specialties
Developmental anatomy: from conception to adulthood, including embryology

8. What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Human anatomy
Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules
Cytology: study of cells
Histology: study of tissues

9. What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Human physiology
Cell physiology: functions of cells
Organ physiology: functions of specific organs
Systemic physiology: functions of organ systems
Pathological physiology: effects of diseases on organs or systems

10. What is Anatomy and Physiology?
A patient may present with
Signs (such as a fever)
Symptoms (such as tiredness)
Physicians use the scientific method to reach a diagnosis by evaluating observations
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis by collecting and analyzing data

11. Levels of Organization

12. Levels of Organization
Chemical level
Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
Molecules consist of groups of atoms
Cellular level
Cells are the smallest living units in the body
Tissue level
A tissue is a group of cells working together
Organ level
Organs are made of two or more tissues working together

13. Levels of Organization
Cellular Level
Chemical Level
Heart muscle
cell
Protein filaments
Atoms in combination
Complex protein molecule

14. Organ system level Organism level
Organ Level
Tissue Level
The heart
Cardiac muscle
tissue
The
cardiovascular
system

15. What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Describes the structures of the body
What they are made of
Where they are located
Associated structures
Physiology
Is the study of
Functions of anatomical structures
Individual and cooperative functions

16. Structure and Function
How are they related?

17. Structure and function are related
The relationship between structure and function can be observed at every level of life.
At the molecular level, the structure of a protein correlates with its function. For example, hemoglobin molecules transport oxygen in blood.
On the cellular level, the long extensions of nerve cells enable them to transmit impulses from your spinal cord to your toes.
Teaching Tips
Examples of biological form and function relationships are nearly endless. Those immediately apparent to your students will be easiest to comprehend. Have your students examine (in photos or in specimens) the teeth of various vertebrates. The diets of these animals are implied by the shape of their teeth (for example, sharp teeth in carnivorous cats and blunted molars in a rat). Sliding your tongue over your teeth reveals our omnivorous history, with sharp canine teeth for piercing and slicing flesh and flat rear molars well suited for grinding plant material. (1.12)
Active Lecture Tips
See the Activity “What Is That Adapted For?” on the Instructor Exchange. Visit the Instructor Exchange in the MasteringBiology instructor resource area for a description of this activity. (1.12) 17

18. THE ORGAN SYSTEMS Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Major Organs
Major Organs
Major Organs
Major Organs
Major Organs
Major Organs
• Skin
• Bones
• Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
• Brain
• Pituitary gland
• Heart
• Hair
• Cartilages
• Spinal cord
• Thyroid gland
• Blood
• Sweat glands
• Associated ligaments
• Peripheral nerves
• Pancreas
• Blood vessels
• Nails
• Sense organs
• Adrenal glands
• Bone marrow
Functions
• Gonads
Functions
Functions
• Provides movement
Functions
• Endocrine tissues in other systems
• Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
• Protects against environmental hazards
Functions
• Provides protection and support for other tissues
• Directs immediate responses to stimuli
• Provides support and protection for other tissues
• Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
Functions
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Generates heat that maintains body temperature
• Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
• Stores calcium and other minerals
• Provides sensory information
• Forms blood cells
• Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
• Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
• Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
• Controls many structural and functional changes during development

19. THE ORGAN SYSTEMS Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary
Male Reproductive
Female Reproductive
Major Organs
Major Organs
Major Organs
Major Organs
Major Organs
Major Organs
• Spleen
• Nasal cavities
• Teeth
• Kidneys
• Testes
• Ovaries
• Thymus
• Sinuses
• Tongue
• Ureters
• Epididymides
• Uterine tubes
• Lymphatic vessels
• Larynx
• Pharynx
• Urinary bladder
• Ductus deferentia
• Uterus
• Trachea
• Esophagus
• Urethra
• Seminal vesicles
• Vagina
• Lymph nodes
• Bronchi
• Stomach
• Prostate gland
• Labia
• Tonsils
• Lungs
• Small intestine
Functions
• Penis
• Clitoris
• Alveoli
• Large intestine
• Excretes waste products from the blood
• Scrotum
• Mammary glands
Functions
• Liver
• Defends against infection and disease
Functions
• Gallbladder
Functions
Functions
• Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)
• Pancreas
• Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
• Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones
• Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
• Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Functions
• Processes and digests food
• Supports develop- ing embryo from conception to delivery
• Provides oxygen to bloodstream
• Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
• Sexual intercourse
• Absorbs and conserves water
• Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
• Absorbs nutrients
• Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
• Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
• Stores energy reserves
• Produces sounds for communication
• Sexual intercourse

20. Organ Systems Integumentary Major organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails
Functions
Protects against environmental hazards
Helps regulate body temperature
Provides sensory information

21. Organ Systems Skeletal Major organs Bones Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
Functions
Provides support and protection for other tissues
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells

22. Organ Systems Muscular Major organs
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Functions
Provides movement
Provides protection and support for other tissues
Generates heat that maintains body temperature

23. Organ Systems Nervous Major organs Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs
Functions
Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates other organ systems
Provides and interprets sensory information

24. Organ Systems Endocrine Major organs
Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
Pancreas and gonads
Endocrine tissues in other systems
Functions
Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use
Controls many structural and functional changes during development

25. Organ Systems Cardiovascular Major organs Heart Blood Blood vessels
Functions
Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
Distributes heat to control body temperature

26. Organ Systems Lymphatic Major organs Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Functions
Defends against infection and disease
Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

27. Organ Systems Respiratory Major organs
Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Functions
Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)
Provides oxygen to bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
Produces sounds for communication

28. Organ Systems Digestive Major organs
Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Functions
Processes and digests food
Absorbs and conserves water
Absorbs nutrients
Stores energy reserves

29. Organ Systems Urinary Major organs
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions
Excretes waste products from the blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

30. Organ Systems Male reproductive Major organs
Testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
Functions
Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones
Sexual intercourse

31. Organ Systems Female reproductive Major organs
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
Functions
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
Sexual intercourse