1. 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Weather is constantly changing, refers to the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place.
Climate is based on weather that has been collected over many years.

2. Composition of Clean, Dry Air
Air is a mixture of different gases and particles,
each with its own physical properties.
Mostly Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%)!
Makes no sense without caption in book

3. 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Composition of the Atmosphere
17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
• Water vapor is the source of all clouds and precipitation. (rain and snow)
*absorbs heat given off by Earth and absorbs some solar energy.
• Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3).
• JUST READ! If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all of the sun’s UV rays reached the surface of Earth, our planet would be uninhabitable for many living organisms.

4. The Ozone Layer
Ozone: the layer of O3 particles that is located in the upper portion of the stratosphere
Ozone shields us from solar radiation.
Just Read!
A NASA instrument has detected an Antarctic ozone "hole" (what scientists call an "ozone depletion area") that is three times larger than the entire land mass of the United States—the largest such area ever observed.

5. Primary Pollutants • Emissions from transportation vehicles (us)
account for nearly half the pollutants.
Makes no sense without caption in book

6. Clickers
Answer buttons:   
Power 

7. Clicker Review…
What is a description of atmospheric conditions over a long period of time?
A. Climate
B. Weather
C. Meteorology
D. Precipitation
2. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Hydrogen

8. 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Height and Structure of the Atmosphere
17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
 The atmosphere rapidly thins as you travel away from Earth
• Atmospheric pressure is simply the weight of the air above. Gets less as you move up in altitude

9. Atmospheric Pressure vs. Altitude
Clicker Review …
3. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure ____________.
A. Increases
B. Decreases
Makes no sense without caption in book

10. 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Height and Structure of the Atmosphere
17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
• The atmosphere can be divided vertically into four layers based on temperature. –
TSMT
T = Troposphere
S = Stratosphere
M = Mesosphere
T = Thermosphere

11. Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere
• The troposphere is the first layer
*Closest layer to Earth
*Nearly all weather occurs here
*Most dense of the layers
*Temp. decreases with an increase in altitude
(gets colder as you go up) 
Makes no sense without caption in book

12. • The stratosphere is the second layer
Ozone Layer
Extends to altitude of 50 km
Temperature increases with altitude, -55º C to 0º C

13. 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
• The mesosphere is the third layer
*decreasing temperatures with height.
• The thermosphere is the fourth layer
*Increasing temperatures due to the absorption of
the sun's shortwave UV radiation.
*Northern and Southern lights
(known as the Auroras)

14. Clicker Review continued…
3. The atmosphere can be divided vertically into four layers based on ___________.
A. Size
B. Types of weather
C. Gases
D. Temperature
4. Put the layers of the atmosphere is the correct order starting from earth…
A. Mesosphere
B. Thermosphere
C. Troposphere
D. Stratosphere

15. Clicker Review continued…
5. The form of Oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule and shields us from the suns UV radiation is called ____________.
A. Argon
B. Thermopause
C. Chloroflurocarbon
D. Ozone
6. In which TWO layers does the temperature INCREASE as altitude increases?
A. Troposphere
B. Stratosphere
C. Mesosphere
D. Thermosphere

16. Layers of atmosphere…

17. 17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Energy Transfer as Heat
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
 Heat is the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature.
 Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in a substance.

18. 17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Energy Transfer as Heat
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
 Three mechanisms of energy transfer as heat are conduction, convection, and radiation.
• Conduction is the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity.
• Convection is the transfer of heat by mass movement or circulation within a substance.
Radiation is the transfer of energy through space by waves that travel out in all directions – can travel through space (vacuum)

19. Energy Transfer as Heat
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20. Electromagnetic Spectrum
The longest wavelengths are radio waves
The shortest wavelengths are Gamma rays
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21. 17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
What Happens to Solar Radiation?
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
 When radiation strikes an object:
1. Some energy is absorbed by the object.
2. Radiation is transmitted through water and air
(just passes through)
3. Some radiation may bounce off the object without being absorbed or transmitted.
1 of these 3 things will happen to the sun’s energy!!!

22. Solar Radiation Suns Energy: 30% is reflected back into space
50% is absorbed by Earth’s surface
Makes no sense without caption in book

23. 17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
• Absorption occurs when earth’s surface and clouds hold in the suns energy
(darker objects absorb more energy than lighter objects)
Reflection occurs when light bounces off an object with the same intensity.
• Scattering produces a larger number of weaker rays that travel in different directions.

24. 17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
• The greenhouse effect is the heating of Earth’s surface and atmosphere from solar radiation being absorbed by the atmosphere

25. Seasons are cause by changes in Earth’s position relative to the Sun as Earth travels along its orbit around the Sun.

26. It is clicker time! Make sure you have YOUR clicker Turn it on
Listen for your directions…

27. 17.3 Temperature Controls Why Temperatures Vary  Land and Water
• Land heats and cools quicker and to higher and lower temperatures than water.
Water heats and cools slower than land
*Summary- land has greater temperature changes at a faster rate than water!
This is why the southern hemisphere (which has more water) has lower temperature ranges than the northern hemisphere

28. 17.3 Temperature Controls  Geographic Position
• The geographic setting can greatly influence temperatures experienced at a specific location.
Windward: wind blows from ocean to the shore, small change in temp
Leeward: wind blows from the land to the ocean, so greater temp change

29. Near large body of water vs. landlocked
Vancouver is near the water
Winnipeg is on land
Winnipeg experiences greater changes in temperature b/c it is landlocked
Makes no sense without caption in book

30. Latitude (North/South)
Lower latitudes (closer to the equator):
have smaller temperature ranges
Have higher overall temperatures
Higher latitudes (closer to the poles):
have larger temperature ranges
have lower overall temperatures

31. The episode is called "World Biomes: An Introduction to Climate"
Viewed at:
*Freeze – play until advertisement is finished…

32. Clicker Review… What heats quicker and to higher temperatures? A. land
B. water
2. What cools quicker and to lower temperatures?
A. land
B. water
3. If you live on a Leeward coast it means…
A. wind blows from ocean to the shore, small change in temp
B. wind blows from the land to the ocean, so greater temp change

33. B. Southern 4. Which city would have a higher temperature? A. a C. c
Clicker Review…
4. Which city would have a higher temperature?
A. a C. c
B. b D. d
2. Which hemisphere would have a lower temperature range ?
A. Northern
B. Southern

34. 17.3 Temperature Controls Why Temperatures Vary  Altitude
• The altitude can greatly influence temperatures experienced at a specific location.
JUST READ:
Quito is at a greater altitude in the mountains, so has cooler temperatures.

35. 17.3 Temperature Controls Why Temperatures Vary
 Cloud Cover and Albedo
• Albedo is the fraction of total radiation that is reflected by any surface.
• Many clouds have a high albedo and reflect back a portion of the sunlight that strikes them.
Day-reflect away sun
Night-trap heat from earth

36. Clicker Review… 3. Clouds have a _________________ albedo. A. Low
If two cities were located in California in the same area, City Y was located at the top of a mountain and City Z was located at the bottom of the mountain, which city would be at a higher altitude?
A. City Y
B. City Z
2. If two cities were located in California in the same area, City Y was located at the top of a mountain and City Z was located at the bottom of the mountain, which city would be warmer?
A. City Y
B. City Z
3. Clouds have a _________________ albedo.
A. Low
B. High

37. Clicker Review… Would it be (warmer or cooler) on a cloudy night?
A. warmer
B. cooler
Do you remember?
2. If you live on a Windward coast it means…
A. wind blows from ocean to the shore
B. wind blows from the land to the ocean
3. Which coastal city would have a GREATER temperature change?
A. Windward
B. Leeward