1. International Law
What

2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
What are they?
Members
Function
Geographic range

3. Growth of IGOs Functionalism – “bottom-up” approach
Neofunctionalism: “top-down” approach

4. Reasons for Growth of IGOs
Increased international contact
Increased global interdependence
Expansion of transnational problems
Failures of state-centered system
Efforts of states to gain strength through joint action
Successful role models

5. Potential Roles of IGOs
Arena for interaction
Center for cooperation
Independent international actor
Supranational actor

6. Regional Integration What is regional integration?
Impact of regional integration on state sovereignty
Reasons for regional integration
Examples: EU, GCC, CARICOM, NAFTA

7. NGOs
What is an NGO?
NGOs are organizations composed of private individuals that do not answer to any government
Can be actors in international politics

8. Roles of NGOs Advocacy Tasks Targets Sources of Power
Investigate, Educate, Persuade
Targets
Governments, Companies, Societies
Sources of Power
Information, moral authority, consumer power, network power

9. Issues related to NGOs NGO Accountability
Relationship between NGOs and states
NGOs and state sovereignty

10. International Law What is international law?
Body of legal rules, norms, and standards of practices that apply between sovereign states and other entities that are legally recognized as international actors

11. International Law State sovereignty and international law
Opinio juris: “opinion of justice” or a state’s sense of legal obligation

12. International Law
International law is complimentary to the domestic laws of a state. It is
International law is very different from domestic law within a state.
Structure less clear
No clear authority ruling over it

13. Sources of International Law
Treaties
General Principles
Customary Behavior
Judicial Decisions
Scholarly Writings

14. Enforcement of International Law
problems of enforcement
Who enforces International Law?
International law is difficult to enforce and is enforced in practice by national power, international coalitions, and reciprocity.

15. Adjudication of Disputes
-The World Court hears grievances of one state against another but cannot infringe on state sovereignty in most cases.
-Some IGOs include tribunals, but this power is given to them by treaty at the consent of states typically.
-Most cases involving international relations are tried in national courts, where a state can enforce judgments within its own territory.

16. Why would states comply with international law?
Rational Explanations
Normative Explanations

17. To what extent does an international legal order exist?
International Law
To what extent does an international legal order exist?
How would different IR theories look at international law and its effectiveness?

18. International Law
How would different IR theories look at international law and its effectiveness?

19. International Law and Individuals
Issues of human rights
Ad hoc tribunals
Establishment of the International Criminal Court
Controversy with regard to state sovereignty

20. Background to the ICC Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials following WWII
United Nations in the 1950s
1989: Proposal by the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago

21. Need for the ICC
While work began on a draft statute, the international community created several ad hoc tribunals to try war crimes in the former Yugoslavia in 1993 and Rwanda in 1994, further highlighting the need for a permanent international criminal court.

22. Creation of the ICC
July 17, 1998: The Rome Statute is signed, creating the framework of the ICC.
In 2002, enough states ratified the treaty (60) for it to enter into force.
This created the International Criminal Court. It would take years for the creation of the court itself, and it began trying cases in 2009.

23. What is the ICC?
The ICC is a global judicial institution with an international jurisdiction complementing national legal systems
can only step in when countries are unable or unwilling to try criminals in their own national systems. 23

24. Reasons for the ICC remedy the deficiencies of ad hoc tribunals.
The establishment of an ad hoc tribunals immediately raises the question of "selective justice". A permanent court could operate in a more consistent way.
Funding for tribunals – It is costly to keep erecting temporary tribunals when this could be avoided with a permanent court.
Tribunal fatigue 24

25. ICC
Permanent court to investigate and bring to justice individuals who commit the most serious violations of international humanitarian law
Deals with three types of crimes:
Genocide
Crimes against humanity
War crimes 25

26. Referral of Cases to the ICC
-States
-UN Security Council
-Office of the Prosecutor can also initiate an investigation into a crime that has come to his or her attention. The Prosecutor can decline to proceed with an investigation if he or she determines that there is "no reasonable basis" to do so. The Prosecutor may also initiate an investigation on his or her own motion, provided that a three-judge panel of the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber approves. 26

27. Jurisdiction of the ICC
The International Criminal Court will not supersede, but will complement national jurisdiction.
ICC will act only when national courts are unable or unwilling to exercise jurisdiction.
ICC jurisdiction is not retroactive.

28. Structure of the ICC Assembly of State Parties
Judicial Divisions: Pre-trial, Trial, Appeals
Office of the Prosecutor 28

29. ICC Issues and Controversies
Bringing criminals
Interference with peace processes
Interference with national reconciliation
Potential to make the situation on the ground worse for some people 29