1. MECHANISATION IN GROUNDNUT CULTIVATION
Er. K.MADHUSUDHANA REDDY
Scientist (Agril. Engg.)
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION
ANANTAPUR

2. Indian Agriculture : 69 % - Rainfed
: 31 % - Irrigated
Dryland Mechanization
Process of adoption of need based, location specific, efficient and precision tools, devices, equipment and machines matching to available power, suitable for local soil, crop and socio-economic conditions to lower the operation cost, timely operation and enhance crop production.

3. Total area of groundnut cultivation in Andhra Pradesh is 16 lakh ha
In Anantapur District 8.5 lakh ha
Most of the farmers depend up on the manual labors, animal drawn implements for sowing, inter-cultivation, harvesting, threshing
Especially in dryland areas, farmers need to sow the seed before the moisture in the soil gets evaporated
Also other operations need to be done with in the time to prevent damage to the crop

4. Now a days most of the people in rural areas are diverting into industrial sector
Due to this, farmers are facing the problems of shortage of labour during important operations like sowing and harvesting
Less labor demand more charge – increased cost of cultivation
Delayed sowing and other operations – decrease in yields
Operations by manual labour – more time

5. Advantages by adopting mechanization
Reduced cost of cultivation
Saving in time
Increase in crop production area and productivity
Self employment to rural youth through custom hiring

6. AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS IN GROUNDNUT - MACHINERY
1. Tillage -- Primary and secondary tillage implements 2. Groundnut decorticators -- Hand & power operated 3. Sowing -- Bullock drawn seed drills and planters -- Tractor drawn seed drills and planters 3. Inter cultivation -- Ananta Inter-cultivation equipment -- Boom sprayer 4. Harvesting -- Tractor operated digger, shaker and windrower and Straight & sweep type blades (diggers) 5. Threshing -- Engine and tractor PTO operated threshers (dry and fresh pod threshers)

7. TILLAGE MACHINERY
Primary tillage implements
Mould board plough
Disc plough
Duck foot cultivator
Sub - soiler
2. Secondary tillage implements
Spring tine cultivator

8. MOULD BOARD PLOUGH Parameter Details Power source
Tractor of above 35 HP
Suitable for
Deep ploughing in black soils
Working width
60 cm
Depth of operation
15-25 cm
Field capacity
1 – 1.5 ha/day
Advantages
- Complete pulverization and inversion of soil
- Destroy grasses and seeds in the field
- Cut the crop residues and mix them with top surface of soil
- Effective in moisture conservation
Cost
Rs. 35,000/-

9. DISC PLOUGH Parameter Details Power source Tractor of above 35 HP
Suitable for
Deep ploughing
Working width
60 cm
Depth of operation
15-30 cm
Field capacity
1 – 1.5 ha/day
Advantages
- Suitable in sticky & stony soils
- Complete pulverization and inversion of soil
- Destroy grasses and seeds in the field
- Cut the crop residues and mix them with top surface of soil
- Effective in moisture conservation
Cost
Rs. 40,000/-

10. DUCK FOOT CULTIVATOR Parameter Details Power source
Tractor of above 35 HP
Suitable for
Deep ploughing
Working width
120 cm
Depth of operation
15-20 cm
Field capacity
2 – 3 ha/day
Cost
Rs. 25,000/-

11. SUB - SOILER Parameter Details Power source Tractor of above 50 HP
Suitable for
High deep ploughing
use
Breaks soil crust below ploughing depth
Working width
15 cm
Depth of operation cm
Field capacity
0.5 ha/day
Cost
Rs /-

12. SPRING TINE CULTIVATOR
Parameter
Details
Power source
Tractor of above 50 HP
Suitable for
Shallow ploughing in stony soils
Working width
220 cm
Depth of operation cm
Field capacity
ha/day
Use
Interculture
Leveling
Destroy weeds
Cost
Rs. 27,000/-

19. Effect of tillage on yield of groundnut crop
S.No.
Treatment
Depth of operation, cm
Initial plant population per m2
Final plant population per m2
Yield (kg/ha) 1.
Sub-soiler 31 33
1313 2.
Mould board plough 22 28 27
979 3.
Disc plough 19 29
958 4.
Duck foot cultivator
(7 tyne)
17.6 30
1063 5.
(5 tyne)
19.4
1041 6.
9-tyne spring type cultivator
13.8 32
833 7.
No tillage
nil 24
729

20. SEED TO SEED MECHANISATION IN GROUNDNUT

21. DECORTICATING EQUIPMENT
Hand operated decorticator
Power operated decorticator
Overall dimensions
600 X 350 X 700
Capacity
50 kg/h
Efficiency
98 %
Cost
Rs.2500/-
Power source
2 HP electric motor
Capacity
250 – 300 kg/h
Efficiency
95 %
Cost
Rs.45000/-

22. GROUNDNUT KERNEL GRADER
Capacity of the grader
299 kg/h
Cost of the unit
Rs. 17,000/-
Physical properties of the kernel
1. Size of the seed at first outlet
1.24 cm
2. Size of the seed at second outlet
1.06 cm
3. Size of the seed at third outlet
< 1.0 cm

23. SEED TREATMENT DRUM Parameter Details Use
Mixing of chemicals with seed as a plant protection measure before sowing
Saves
33% labor and operating time
Capacity
10 kg
Mixing capacity
100 kg/h
Mixing efficiency
95 %
Cost
Rs.1500/-

24. SOWING EQUIPMENT S.NO. NAME OF PLANTERS NAME OF SEED DRILLS 1.
Ananta planter
Tractor drawn local seed drill 2.
Nandyala planter
Bullock drawn local seed drill 3.
Kisan planter cum fertilizer drill (M/S Kisan Agricultural Machinery, Rajkot, Gujarat) 4.
Gujarat planter cum fertilizer drill (M/S S.L.N.S. Industries, Anantapur) 5.
Ananta bullock drawn groundnut planter

25. ANANTA PLANTER Ananta planter Local seed drill
Metering mechanism in Ananta planter (inclined plate with slots)
Seed in hopper of Ananta planter

26. Suitable crops can be sown with Ananta planter
Groundnut
Castor
Bengalgram
Redgram

27. COMPARISON BETWEEN ANATAGROUNDNUT PLANTER AND LOCAL SEED DRILL
Parameter
Ananta groundnut planter
Local seed drill
No. of rows 8
Row to row spacing, cm
30 cm
Width operation, m
2.4
Seed metering mechanism
Inclined plate
Manual drooping
Field capacity, ha/h
5 - 6
5 – 6
Seed to seed spacing in a row, cm
10 cm
Not maintained uniformly
Recommended seed rate, kg/ha
Maintained (100 kg/ha)
Not maintained (130 – 150 kg/ha)
No. of labor
Only driver
2 women + 1 driver
Cost of operation, Rs./ha
875
1250
Depth of sowing
5 cm
Seed box capacity, kg 40 --
Cost, Rs.
57,000
30,000

28. Nandyala planter Parameters Details Power source
Tractor of above 35 HP
Row to row spacing,
30 cm
Width operation
2.4 m
Seed metering mechanism
Horizontal plate
Seed rate
110 – 120 kg/ha
Cost of operation
Rs.875/ha
No. of labor
Only driver
Cost
Rs.72,000/-
Field capacity
5 – 6 ha/day
Suitable crops
Groundnut and bengalgram

29. KISAN PLANTER CUM FERTILIZER DRILL
Parameters
Details
Power source
Tractor of above 35 HP
Row to row spacing,
30 cm
Width operation
2.4 m
Seed metering mechanism
Trough feed with vertical plate
Seed rate
110 – 120 kg/ha
Fertilizer rate
50 kg/acre (DAP)
Cost of operation
Rs.875/ha
No. of labor
Only driver
Cost
Rs.60,000/-
Field capacity
5 – 6 ha/day
Suitable crops
Groundnut

30. GUJARAT PLANTER CUM FERTILIZER DRILL
Parameters
Details
Power source
Tractor of above 35 HP
Row to row spacing,
30 cm
Width operation
2.4 m
Seed metering mechanism
Cup feed
Seed rate
110 – 120 kg/ha
Fertilizer rate
50 kg/acre (DAP)
Cost of operation
Rs.875/ha
No. of labor
Only driver
Cost
Rs.60,000/-
Field capacity
5 – 6 ha/day
Suitable crops
Groundnut

31. ANANTA BULLOCK GRAWN GROUNDNUT PLANTER
Ananta 4-row bullock drawn automatic planter
4-row bullock drawn seed drill
Trough feed mechanism with vertical plate in Ananta bullock drawn planter

32. Ananta bullock drawn groundnut planter Bullock drawn local seed drill
COMPARISON BETWEEN ANANTA BULLOCK DRAWN GROUNDNUT PLANTER AND BULLOCK DRAWN SEED DRILL
Parameter
Ananta bullock drawn groundnut planter
Bullock drawn local seed drill
No. of rows 4
Row to row spacing, cm
30 cm
Width operation, m
1.2
Seed metering mechanism
Trough feed (vertical plate)
Manual drooping
Field capacity, ha/h
Seed to seed spacing in a row, cm
10 cm
Not maintained uniformly
Recommended seed rate, kg/ha
Maintained (100 kg/ha)
Not maintained (130 – 150 kg/ha)
No. of labor
One man
1 man + 1 woman
Cost of operation, Rs./ha
500
1000
Recommended plant population per m2 i.e 33
Maintained
Not maintained
Seed box capacity, kg 8 --
Cost, Rs.
10,000
4,500

33. Performance of groundnut seed drills for kharif 2011-12
S.No.
Name of seed drill
Seed rate (kg/ha)
Initial plant population (per m2)
Final plant population
(per m2)
Yield (kg/ha)
Depth of sowing (cm)
Field capacity (ha/day) 1.
Ananta planter
102 32 27
1021
4-5
5-6 2.
Nandyala planter
108 36 30
1003 3.
Modified kisan planter
125 34 29
980 4.
Gujarat planter
130 37 28
995 5.
Tractor drawn local seed drill
134 40 26
1010 6.
Bullock drawn 4-row seed drill
152 47
981
6-7
1.5-2 7.
Bullock drawn 3-row seed drill
126 42
972 8.
Saathi planter
120 38
984 9.
Spring tyne saathi planter
116
975
10.
Ananta 4-row bullock drawn planter
103
996

34. Ananta tractor drawn and bullock drawn groundnut planters for Rabi (row to row spacing 22.5 cm)

35. INTER CULTIVATION EQUIPMENT

36. ANANTA INTERCULTURE IMPLEMENT
Ananta interculture implement with small width tyres of size 8.3”X28”
Shovels used at 20 DAS
Shovels used at 40 DAS

37. Specifications of Ananta inter culture implement
Parameter
Details
Number of rows 8
Row to row spacing
30 cm
Effective working width
2.4 m
Types of shovels
Sweep type, T - type
Tyre size
28” X 8.3”
Depth of operation
5 cm
Crop damage
3 %
Fuel consumption
2 – 3 liters/h
Field capacity
4 – 5 ha/day
Percent of weed removal
96 %
Cost
Rs. 40,000 including tyres

38. Small tractor drawn intercultivation implement for groundnut
Field capacity
2.0 – 2.5 ha/day
Cost
Rs. 12,000/-

39. Bullock drawn interculture implement
Bullock drawn interculture implement used at 20 DAS
Field capacity
1.5 – 2 ha/day
Cost
Rs. 3500/-
Bullock drawn interculture implement used at 40 DAS

40. PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

41. Manual and power operated knapsack sprayers
Parameter
Details
Use
Spraying of insecticides and pesticides on crops to control pests and diseases
Tank capacity
10 – 14 liters
Field capacity
0.5 ha/day
Cost
Rs.1500/-
Parameter
details
Use
Spraying of insecticides and pesticides on crops to control pests and diseases
Tank capacity
10 – 14 liters liter for petrol or kerosene
Field capacity
1.0 ha/day
Cost
Rs.15000/-

42. Power sprayers Parameter Details Use
Spraying of insecticides and pesticides on crops to control pests and diseases in a large area
Power source
1 – 3 HP petrol or kerosene engines
Saves
60% labor and 45 – 50% cost of operation compared to manual knapsack sprayer
Field capacity
1.6 – 2.4 ha/day
Cost
Rs. 45,000/-

43. TRACTOR OPERATED BOOM SPRAYER
Parameter
Details
Use
Spraying of insecticides and pesticides on crops to control pests and diseases in a larger area
Power source
Tractor of above 35 HP or above having PTO shaft of speed 540 RPM
No. of nozzles and width of operation
20 and 12 m (covers 40 rows)
Field capacity
20 – 25 ha/day
Cost
Rs. 70,000/-

44. HARVESTING MACHINERY

45. BLADE GUNTAKA ANGRAU blade guntaka Power source above 35 HP tractor
No. of rows covered 4
Width of operation 120 cm
Depth of operation 8 – 10 cm
Speed of operation 2 – 3kmph
Field capacity 4 – 5 ha/day
Digging efficiency 98 %
Initial cost Rs.25,000/-
BLADE GUNTAKA

46. ASHA GUNTAKA ANGRAU Asha guntaka Power source above 35 HP tractor
No. of rows covered 6
Width of operation 180 cm
Depth of operation 8 – 10 cm
Speed of operation 2 – 3kmph
Field capacity 6 – 7 ha/day
Digging efficiency 98 %
Initial cost Rs.35,000/-
ASHA GUNTAKA

47. GROUNDNUT DIGGER SHAKER CUM WINDROWER
Three operations digging, shaking and windrowing simultaneously done
Width of operation 120 cm (covers 4 rows at a time)
Recommended speed of operation 2 – 3 kmph
Field capacity 1 – 1.5 acres/h
Cost Rs.1,80,000/-

48. THRESHING MACHINERY

49. ANGRAU Fresh pod stripper for groundnut
Parameter
Details
Power source
2 HP electric motor
Saves
40% labor, 50% operating time and 30% cost of operation compared to manual stripping
Capacity
120 kg/h
Stripping efficiency
100%
Cleaning efficiency
98%
Cost
Rs. 35,000/-

50. FRESH POD THRESHER FOR GROUNDNUT
Parameter
Details
Power source
Tractor PTO shaft of 540 RPM
Use
Immediate threshing groundnut crop after harvesting
Capacity
300 kg/h
Threshing efficiency
96 %
No. of persons required 6
Cost
Rs. 1,80,000/-

51. DRY POD THRESHER FOR GROUNDNUT
Parameter
Details
Power source
10 HP diesel engine
Use
Threshing groundnut crop after harvesting at 15 – 17 % MC
Capacity
500 kg/h
Threshing efficiency
95 %
No. of persons required 6
Cost
Rs. 1,10,000/-

52. RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

53. Aqua planter in experimental plot for sowing of groundnut

54. Aqua planter for groundnut
Dryland sowings are often delayed due to late monsoon
Recommended sowing for groundnut is in between Jun 15 to July 15
Ananta groundnut planter was modified for water application while sowing (aqua groundnut planter)
Groundnut can be sown even under low moist condition of soil by using aqua groundnut planter as it supplements water while sowing.
Water application rate 1600 liters per acre.
Initial cost Rs.59,000/- (including water drums and pipes, valves)
Field capacity 3 – 4 ha/day

55. Performance of Aqua planter
DOS
Date of receiving next rainfall
Time gap, days
Quantity of water applied (liters)
Initial plant population per m2
Final plant population per m2
Yield (kg/ha)
(3.4 mm) 14
318 12 10
611 5
360
231 3
518 13 8
292 1
502 16
306
(11 mm)
656 17 7
271
(17 mm) 4
635 15 9
462
400 34
615

56. Planter cum herbicide sprayer for groundnut in experimental plot
Weed menace is one of the serious constraints for increasing the yield
The chemical weed control using herbicides is more effective and economical in initial stages of growth.
Sowing of groundnut and herbicide spraying can be done simultaneously

57. Specifications of planter cum herbicide sprayer
Power source :
Tractor of 35 H.P or above having PTO speed of 540 RPM
Sowing mechanism
As per Ananta groundnut planter
No. of nozzles on boom 4
Nozzle to nozzle spacing on boom
60 cm
Effective working width of spraying
240 cm
Type of pump for spraying
Piston type
Pump H.P
1.5 – 2
Pump speed
800 – 1200 rpm
Pump operating pressure
10 – 40 kg/cm2
Application rate of herbicide
500 liters/ha
Herbicide tank capacity
440 liters (2 no.s of plastic drums)
Recommended speed of operation
2 – 3 km/h
Field capacity
4 – 5 ha/h
Initial cost
67,000/-

58. Yield of crop sown with planter cum herbicide sprayer
S.No.
Treatment
Initial plant population per m2
Final plant population per m2
Yield (kg/ha) 1.
With herbicide 31 24
771 2.
Control 33 21
592

59. THANK YOU