1. Umm Al-Qura University
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Umm Al-Qura University
Health Sciences College at Al-Leith
Department of Public Health
Lecture (8)

2. Sand flies

3. Objectives
1/ Define of Sand fly species. 2/ Define Sand fly classification, Geographical Distribution, External morphology, Life cycle, Adult behavior and Medical important. 3/ Understand the role of Sand fly in Transmission of parasitic diseases. 4/ Understand the Mechanisms of Sand fly disease Transmission to human. 5/ Define Treatment of Sand fly diseases and Prevention. 6/ Apply of Sand fly control methods.

4. Sand flies Classification Phylum : Arthropoda. Class : Insecta.
Sub Class : Ptrygota.
Order : Diptera.
Sub Order : Nematocera
Family : Psychodidae.
Sub family : Phlebotominae.

5. There are about 600 species of sand flies
There are about 600 species of sand flies. The genera phlebotomus and lutzomyia are most important in the transmission of diseases to man.

6. Distribution:
Widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. phlebotomus species occurs only in the old world.
Lutzomyia species found only in the new world.

7. External morphology:
Adult phlebotomine sand flies can be recognized by their:
Minute size (2-5 mm in length)
hairy appearance,
Sand flies have the head thorax, wings and abdomen densely covered with long hairs

9. The antennae are long and segments with short hairs are similar in both sexes
Wings are lancelet in out line.
in sandflies the wings are erect over the body when the fly is at rest.

10. The wings venation in phlebotomine sandflies vein two branches twice.

11. the abdomen in the female rounded at the tip but in males it terminates in a prominent pair of claspers.
male
female

12. The minute eggs 0.3-0.4 mm are ovoid shape, usually brown or black
Life-cycle:
The minute eggs mm are ovoid shape, usually brown or black
about eggs are laid singly at each oviposition,
oviposition sites
are small cracks,holes
In the ground and
Stable floor.
Egg are not laid in water

13. eggs hatch after about 6-17 days under optimum condition
Larvae are mainly scavengers, feeding on organic matter, such as fungi animal faeces and decomposing bodies of arthropods
There are four larval instars, the mature larva is 4-6 mm long

14. Sand flies larvae identify by the present matchstick hair on the head and all body segments
Larval development is completed after days the duration depending on species

15. The larval skin, whoever is not completely lost off but remains attached to the end of the pupa
Adult emerge from the pupae after about 7-14 days

18. Sandfly Pupa

20. Adult behavior:
both sexes feed on plant juices and sugar secretions but females in addition suck blood from variety of vertebrates.
biting is usually restricted to nocturnal periods and during the day in darkened room.
adults are weak fliers and do not usually disperse more than a few hundred meters from their breeding places.

21. Medical importance:
1- Annoyance
Biting nuisance (a condition known in the near east as harara).
2- Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis occurs in two main forms. Dermal (cutaneous) and (visceral) leishmaniasis, old world leishmaniasis (oriental sore,) is caused by leishmania tropica.

22. American dermal leishmaniasis caused by several leishmania species such as the Le. Braziliensis and Le mexicana complexes.
The visceral form of leishmania in the old world (kala-azar) is caused by leishmania donovani and Le.infantum.

24. Leishmania aethiopica

25. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis:

26. Leishmania tropica

27. Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis

28. Visceral Leishmaniasis:

29. Prevention and control
Prevention and control of leishmaniasis requires a combination of intervention strategies because transmission occurs in a complex biological system involving the human host, parasite, sandfly vector and in some causes an animal reservoir host. Key strategies for prevention are listed below:
1-Early diagnosis and effective case management.
2- Vector control.
3- Effective disease surveillance.
4- Control of animal reservoir hosts.
5- Social mobilization and strengthening partnerships.

30. Thanks
Radia 30