1. History 2211: The Ancient Near East
Lecture 25: The Wine Dark Sea
Kyle Tadlock

2. The Mediterranean and the Near East
First sailors prehistoric
Islands inhabited early
Egyptian sailboats c.2500
Tie Near East to Europe

3. Bronze Age Trade Routes

4. Phoenician Cargo Ships
Utilitarian
Sails and oars
Bronze Age
Armed cargo ships
Early Iron Age
Decoration on vases

5. Phoenician Warships Galley Bireme Naval warfare Two banks of oars
Two decks
50-60 oars
80x10 ft (?)
Naval warfare

6. Piracy Rampant in Mediterranean
Rocky coasts (Cilicia)
Small islands
Part-time pirates
Trading, mercenary service, brigandage, slaving
Sherden, Sea Peoples
No stigma

7. A Patchwork of Pirates

8. Sailing the Mediterranean
Summer months?
Sailed close to land and during day
Beach at night
Night sailing?
Phoenicians sailed across open ocean
Celestial bodies and landmarks
Periplus

9. Sailing the Broader Seas
Phoenicians in the Atlantic
Himilco the Navigator (6th or 5th)
Hanno the Navigator (5th)
Circumnavigation of Africa
Necho II ( )
Took 3 years
Herodotus
Phoenicians in America?

10. Phoenicians in the Atlantic

11. Bold Sailing

12. Colonies Important feature of the Iron Age Karum Overseas
Greeks and Phoenicians

13. Phoenician Colonies First in foreign cities
Trading posts or permanent settlements?
Greek sources and archaeology
Evolutions of colonies
Trading from ships
Beach huts
Warehouses and factories
Cities

14. Anatomy of a Phoenician Colony
A small Phoenician city
Near resources and/or trade routes
Islands or peninsulas
Good harbors
Native elements
Nearby necropolis

15. Kition First colony Mycenaean Greeks c.1200 Tyre by 900 Copper Trade
Kittim

16. Gadir (Cadiz) “The Wall” “The Stronghold”
One of oldest cities in Western Europe
Tyre c
Tartessos (Tarshish?)
Guadalquivir River in Spain
Rich in metals
Temple to Melqart

17. Gadir in Pictures

18. Motya Sicily Trading port City in 8th century Fortified in 5th century
Rich
Salt refining and wool processing

19. Motya

20. Carthage “New City” Tunisia Tyre c.846 “Real city”
complete slice of society
Size
Foundation myth
After 572, became own power
Hemmed by Libyan tribes

21. Carthage the Great I

22. Carthage the Great II

23. Punic Culture Developed unique culture c.600 Government
Elected kings (Magonid)
Council of elders
Suffets (shophtim)
Ba’al Hammon and Tanit

24. Punic Culture

25. Child Sacrifice Tophet: “Place of burning”
Kidron Valley
Moloch
Frequent in colonies
Ashes of children
Greek, Roman, and Hebrew accounts
Natural death or child sacrifice?
Phoenician or Punic?

26. Greek History Dark Age Greece (c.1200-800)
Loss of literacy
Loss of foreign contacts until c.900
Iron-smithing
Ionian colonies
Archaic Age Greece (c )
Rise of the aristocracy
Age of Colonization

27. Greek Ships
Pentekonter
Merchant and warship
50 oars
Trikonter
Bireme

28. Greek Colonies Emperion Apoikia Metropole Why Colonize?
Overpopulation?
Aristocratic preservation?
Religious?
State effort or private?

29. Ionian Colonies Western coast of Anatolia
Mycenaeans (Miletus) and Aelions (Colophon)
Greeks invade c.1000
Sacked the Luwain-speaking cities
Miletus, Ephesus, Samos, and Priene
Ionian League
Independent city-states
Carians
Wealthy and cultured
Close to Near Eastern empires

30. Ionia

31. Pithecusae Off coast of Italy Euboian colonists
Phoenicians and Etruscans
5-10,000 people by 700
Emperion
Iron from Etruscans

32. Cumae 8th century by Euboea and Chalcis First apoikia in Europe
Religious importance
Daughter colonies

33. Sicily Many colonies Phoenicians there first? Apoikia Syracuse
734 from Corinth
Harbors and island
Tyranny
Magna Graecia

34. Syracuse

35. Greeks Abroad