1. Elements, Atoms, and Ions

2. The History of Atomic Theory
Circa BC. Greek philosopher Democritus proposes the idea of matter being made up of small, indivisible particles (atomos).
Late 18th Century. Lavoisier proposes the Law of conservation of mass and Proust proposes the Law of constant composition.
Early 19th Century. Using the previously unconnected ideas above, John Dalton formulates his Atomic Theory.

3. Dalton’s Atomic Theory*
Dalton’s Atomic theory states:
All elements are composed of atoms.
All atoms of a given element are identical.
Atoms of different elements are different.
Compounds consist of the atoms of different elements.
Atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

4. A number of experiments were being carried out in the 19th and 20th centuries that began to identify the sub-atomic particles, which make up the atom. A summary of those experiments is given below.

5. Negative particles of some kind exist Electron
Scientist
Experiment
Knowledge gained
Relating to
Crookes
Cathode Ray Tube
Negative particles of some kind exist
Electron
J. J. Thompson
Cathode Ray Deflection
Mass/charge ratio of the electron determined
Millikan
Oil Drop Experiment
Charge on the electron
Rutherford, Marsden and Geiger
Gold Foil Experiment
Nucleus present in atom
The nucleus of an atom and the proton

6. E. The Structure of the Atom
Experiments by J.J. Thomson showed that atoms contain electrons.
Cathode ray tube

7. E. The Structure of the Atom
The Plum Pudding Model

8. E. The Structure of the Atom
Rutherford’s Experiment

9. E. The Structure of the Atom
Results of the Rutherford experiment
(b) Actual results
(a) The results that the metal foil
experiment would have yielded if the
plum pudding model had been correct

10. *
In the first part of the 20th Century, following Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron, Bohr proposed the idea that the atom was made up of the nucleus containing protons and neutrons that was being orbited by electrons in specific, allowed orbits. This particle model of the electron and atom was expanded a few years after Bohr’s original ideas to incorporate the wave nature of the electrons.

11. * Note: (u) denotes atomic mass units (amu). PARTICLE CHARGE MASS
POSITION in atom
PROTON +1 1u
Nucleus
NEUTRON
ELECTRON -1
very small
Outside
Note: (u) denotes atomic mass units (amu).

12. * Atomic number = number of protons in the nucleus of the element
Since all atoms are neutral it also tells us the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus. (note: When atoms lose or gain electrons they become charged and form ions).
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons in one atom of the element

13. *
Ion – atom or a group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
Cation – Positive ion. (Metals)
Anion – Negative ion. (Non-metals)

14. * Covalent Bond – Atoms share electrons.
Ionic Bonds – The attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Compound – Substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes.

15. * Ionic Compound – Compound formed between a metal & nonmetal.
*Must have both “+” & “-” ions.
*Must have a net charge of 0.
*Cation is always written first.
*Use subscripts to balance charges.
-Lowest whole number ratio

16. *
Isotopes - Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons. This leads to the modification of Dalton’s Atomic Theory point 2) above, to read.
All Atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons and electrons but may have different numbers of neutrons.
Since it is the electrons in atoms that affect the chemical properties of a substance, isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties.