1. Objective: ARP

2. Recall:
forwarding uses IP addresses
a transmitted frame must contain the MAC address of the next hop
Must translate the next-hop IP address to a MAC address

3. Address Resolution
IP addresses are abstractions provided by protocol software
Network does not know how to locate a computer from its IP address
the next-hop address must be translated to an equivalent MAC address

4. Address Resolution
Translation from a computer's IP address to an equivalent hardware address is known as address resolution
And an IP address is said to be resolved to the correct MAC address
Address resolution is local to a network

5. Address Resolution
One computer can resolve the address of another computer only if both computers attach to the same physical network
A computer never resolves the address of a computer on a remote network
Address resolution is always restricted to a single network.

6. The Internet is based on IP addresses
Note:
The Internet is based on IP addresses
Data link protocols (Ethernet, FDDI, ATM) may have different (MAC) addresses

7. Resolution Through Direct Mapping Resolution Through Dynamic Binding
ARP
Resolution Through Direct Mapping
Resolution Through Dynamic Binding

8. Resolution Through Direct Mapping
IPv6 uses a technique known as direct mapping.
Idea: use a computer’s hardware address as the host portion of the computer’s Internet address.

10. IPv4 Address Resolution Through Dynamic Binding

11. Address Translation with ARP
ARP Request:
Argon broadcasts an ARP request to all stations on the network: “What is the hardware address of Router137?”

12. Address Translation with ARP
ARP Reply:
Router 137 responds with an ARP Reply which contains the hardware address

13. ARP Message Format
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14. Example ARP Request from Argon:
Source hardware address: 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 Source protocol address: Target hardware address: 00:00:00:00:00:00 Target protocol address:
ARP Reply from Router137:
Source hardware address: 00:e0:f9:23:a8:20 Source protocol address: Target hardware address: 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 Target protocol address:

15. ARP Message Format HARDWARE ADDRESS TYPE PROTOCOL ADDRESS TYPE
16-bit field that specifies the type of hardware address being used
the value is 1 for Ethernet
PROTOCOL ADDRESS TYPE
16-bit field that specifies the type of protocol address being used
the value is 0x0800 for IPv4

16. ARP Message Format HADDR LEN PADDR LEN OPERATION
8-bit integer that specifies the size of a hardware address in bytes
PADDR LEN
8-bit integer that specifies the size of a protocol address in bytes
OPERATION
16-bit field that specifies whether the message
request (the field contains 1) or
response (the field contains 2)

17. ARP Message Format SENDER HADDR SENDER PADDR
HADDR LEN bytes for the sender's hardware address
SENDER PADDR
PADDR LEN bytes for the sender's protocol address

18. ARP Message Format TARGET HADDR TARGET PADDR
HADDR LEN bytes for the target's hardware address
(Zeros in request messages. This is the address we are looking for.)
TARGET PADDR
PADDR LEN bytes for the target's protocol address

19. ARP Message Format
An ARP message contains fields for two address bindings
one binding to the sender
other to the intended recipient, ARP calls it target
When a request is sent
the sender does not know the target's hardware address
(that is the information being requested)
therefore, field TARGET HADDR in an ARP request can be filled with zeroes (0s)

20. ARP Message Format In a response
the target binding refers to the initial computer that sent the request
Thus, the target address pair in a response serves no purpose
the inclusion of the target fields has survived from an early version of the protocol

21. ARP Encapsulation When it travels across a physical network
an ARP message is encapsulated in a hardware frame
An ARP message is treated as data being transported
the network does not parse the ARP message or interpret fields

22. ARP Packet Format

23. ARP Request and Reply
Sending an ARP request for each datagram is inefficient
Three (3) frames traverse the network for each datagram
(an ARP request, ARP response, and the data datagram itself)
Most communications involve a sequence of packets
a sender is likely to repeat the exchange many times

24. ARP Caching and Message Processing
Using ARP
The host will keep a table called the ARP cache that will contain mappings from MAC to IP addresses
When the host wishes to send a packet it will look in the ARP cache for an entry corresponding to the desired destination host’s IP address.
If there is an entry it will send to the indicated MAC address
If no entry exists an new entry must be added to the ARP cache

25. ARP Caching and Message Processing
ARP manages the table as a cache
an entry is replaced when a response arrives
the oldest entry is removed whenever the table runs out of space or after an entry has not been updated for a long period of time
ARP starts by searching the cache when it needs to bind an address

26. If the binding is present in the cache
ARP Caching and Message Processing
If the binding is present in the cache
ARP uses the binding without transmitting a request

27. ARP Caching and Message Processing
If the binding is not present in the cache
ARP broadcasts a request
waits for a response
updates the cache
and then proceeds to use the binding
The cache is only updated when an ARP message arrives
(either a request or a response)

29. ARP Caching and Message Processing
To reduce network traffic
ARP software extracts and saves the information from a packet so it can be used for subsequent packets

30. ARP Caching and Message Processing
For optimization, it is necessary to know two facts:
Most computer communication involves two- way traffic
if a message from A to B, probability is high that a reply will be from B back to A
Each address binding requires memory
a computer cannot store an arbitrary number of address bindings
The first fact explains why extracting the sender's address binding optimizes ARP performance

32. The Conceptual Address Boundary
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

33. The Conceptual Address Boundary
ARP provides an important conceptual boundary between MAC addresses and IP addresses:
ARP hides the details of hardware addressing
It allows higher layers of software to use IP addresses

34. RARP

35. RARP (Reverse address resolution protocol )
RARP is designed to allow a host to determine its own IP address  
when it has available its hardware address.
This is usually an issue at boot time, when a diskless host may not know its own IP address
The host sends a RARP request to a RARP server asking for its IP. The IP is supplied in the RARP reply

36. RARP RARP has been largely outdated by other protocols
Other protocols (BOOTP, DHCP) return more information than just IP Address
Cannot be used with dynamic assignment of IP addresses

37. Operation of RARP

38. Operation of RARP