1. Macbeth
An introduction…

2. Background English Renaissance-16th to early 17th cent.
Era of great learning and knowledge
Age of nationalism—people were proud to be English
Age of humanism (man is the highest and greatest being)
Around 1600, there was a growing sense of pessimism—plays began to reflect this.

3. Background Elizabethan Era-1558 to 1603 Jacobean Era-1603 to 1625
Plays tend to be sentimental and romantic
More nationalistic
More crossing of class barriers (falling in love)
Jacobean Era-1603 to 1625
More realistic and satirical
More disillusioned and dark
Greater sense of class conflict

4. Why the change? (4 reasons)
1. Influence of 3 writers who shook up people’s ideas causing anxiety
Machiavelli-political realism
Copernicus-said the earth was not the center of the universe
Montaigne—skeptic and philosopher

5. 2. People were worried about the loss of Queen Elizabeth who had no heirs.
3. The end of the century reminded them that time goes on and nothing lasts, life is unpredictable
4. James I became King—not as popular as Elizabeth. She was capable, brilliant, charming,and authoritative…he wasn’t so much

6. Background on Macbeth
Real 11th century Scottish King, but ruled peacefully; killed King Duncan because “nearest male relative” tradition not followed
Written in
Tragedy
Written to please King James (formerly King of Scots [ ], interested in witchcraft)
Historically, play would take place in late 11th century, but as typical of Shakespeare, several modern anachronistic references

7. Tragedy Tragedy Elicits pity from audience
Climax: A reversal of fortune (NOT DEATH!) or catastrophe that is a consequence of previous behavior
Hamartia
Peripeteia
Anagnorisis
Catharsis
The Greeks allowed reconciliation in end, but Christians usually did not.
Hamartia=the fatal flaw (usually hubris) but can be a mistake///Peripeteia=the reversal of fortune//Anagnorisis=the critical discovery of the flaw the tragic hero makes
Catharsis=emotional crisis of audience

8. Mechanics of Drama Acts Scenes Soliloquy Aside Stage Directions Plot
Dramatic Tension (creates momentum)
Relationships
Task
Surprise
Mystery
Acts: division of events (Shakespeare has 5)//Scenes: Subdivision of Acts based on a single staging//Soliloquy is long voiced poem of the characters thoughts and feelings/ Aside is spoken to self or audience//SD-unvoiced but should be followed in production

9. Mechanics of Drama Shakespeare = Poetry. Irony:
We must look at figurative language. (See Poetry Terms handout)
Irony:
Situational Irony
Dramatic Irony
Verbal Irony
Rhetorical Appeals/Techniques
Foils and Complementary Characters (characterization as a whole)
Relationship: conflict between two people, Task: a difficult task,

10. Mechanics of Drama
Theater is visceral. We must get away from analyzing just the written play.
Seeing
-the set (scenery, props, structure)
-the actors (embodying the character)
-gestures
-the costumes
-the blocking (how do they move across the stage?)
-lighting
Hearing
-character voice
-sound of movement
-sound effects
-music
-silence***
Other senses?

11. Watch for…
Who is ultimately responsible for all the deaths that occur (who do you blame?)
The role of blood—what is it symbolic for, where do we see it, and who sees blood most often?
The role of the supernatural
Witches
Ghosts
Hallucinations

12. Macbeth as Tragic Hero? Noble birth
Several redeemable, likable characteristics
Has tragic flaw of character
Downfall caused by tragic flaw
Has self-realization or self-awareness but often too late
Death usually causes audience to sympathize or feel pity.

13. Macbeth Thane of Glamis and Cawdor, a general in the King's army
Tragic downfall is his quest for power or his AMBITION.

14. Hecate and the 3 witches
Hecate: ancient (pre-Olympian) Greco- Roman goddess of witchcraft and crossroads. Sometimes depicted with three faces.
Witches:
Disgusting women (if you can call them that)
Add an element of supernatural and prophecy to the play.
They can assume the shape of an animal, but with a defect, such as a tailless rat.
They are described as having beards but looking human.

15. Lady Macbeth loves her husband.
She is also ambitious but lacks the morals of her husband.

16. King Duncan King of Scotland
Duncan is a good king who his people like. However, he is unable to discern those who threaten his reign.

17. Banquo Thane of Lochaber, a general in the King's army
Banquo serves as a foil to Macbeth—one of his closest friends
King James I believed himself descended from Banquo

18. Macduff Thane of Fife, a nobleman of Scotland
Macduff shows early on a distrust of Macbeth.

19. Malcolm and Donalbain Both are minor characters Sons of King Duncan
Malcolm is set to inherit the throne next

20. Lennox and Ross Noblemen and minor characters
Both observe Macbeth and become suspicious of him