1. PANCREATIC SECRETION Lecture 5 Dr. Zahoor Ali Shaikh
Dr. Abdelrahman Mustafa
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Division of Physiology
Faculty of Medicine
Almaarefa Colleges

2. PANCREATIC SECRETION
Pancreas is elongated gland lies behind and below the stomach.
Pancreas has Acini and ducts.
- Pancreatic Acinar cells secrete – digestive
enzyme.
- Pancreatic duct – secrete watery secretion
rich in NaHCO3

3. COMPOSTION OF PANCREATIC JUICE
Pancreatic secretion per day is 1 – 2 liters.
pH – approximately 8.0
It has
- Water
- Cations – Na, K, Ca, Mg
- Anions – HCO3, Cl, SO4, HPO4
- Digestive enzymes

4. PANCREATIC SECRETION Exocrine Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice.
It has two components:
1. Pancreatic enzymes – secreted by Acinar cells.
2. Watery [aqueous] alkaline fluid rich in NaHCO3 actively secreted by duct cells that line the pancreatic ducts.

5. PANCREATIC SECRETION 1. Pancreatic enzymes
The pancreatic enzymes are stored in zymogen granules after they are produced.
They are released by exocytosis as needed.
Pancreatic enzymes are important because they can completely digest food, in absence of all other digestive secretions.

6. PANCREATIC SECRETION
Pancreas Acinar cell secrete three types of pancreatic enzymes:
(i). Proteolytic enzymes for protein digestion.
(ii). Pancreatic amylase for carbohydrate digestion.
(iii). Pancreatic Lipase for fat digestion.

7. (i). Pancreatic Proteolytic enzymes
PANCREATIC SECRETION
(i). Pancreatic Proteolytic enzymes
Major Proteolytic enzymes are
- Trypsinogen
- Chymotrypsinogen
- Procarboxypeptidase
They are secreted in INACTIVE form.

8. Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes
How these Proteolytic enzymes are activated?
When Trypsinogen is secreted into the duodenal lumen
activated to its active form TRYPSIN by Enterokinase [enteropeptidase], an enzyme which is embedded in the mucus membrane of duodenal mucosa.
Trypsin once formed activates Trypsinogen [autocatalytic].

9. Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes
Chymotrypsinogen and Procarboxypeptidase.
They are converted to active form by Trypsin in duodenal lumen also.
IMPORTANT – We need initially Enterokinase to form trypsin. Once trypsin is formed it carries out other processes.

10. Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes
Proteolytic Enzymes [Trypsin, Chymotrypsinogen, Carboxypeptidase] attack different peptide linkages.
End result is formation of small peptide chains and amino acids.

11. (ii). Pancreatic amylase for carbohydrate digestion
Pancreatic amylase causes conversion of polysaccharides into disaccharide maltose.
Pancreatic amylase is secreted in the Active form as it is not the risk for auto digestion of pancreas.

12. (iii). Pancreatic Lipase for fat digestion
Pancreatic lipase is very important. Why?
Because it is the only enzyme secreted throughout the digestive system that can digest fat.
NOTE – In human, insignificant amount of lipase are secreted in the saliva and Gastric Juice called Lingual Lipase and Gastric Lipase.

13. (iii). Pancreatic Lipase for fat digestion
Pancreatic lipase hydrolysis dietary triglycerides into Monoglyceride and Free fatty acids, which are absorbed in small intestine.
Pancreatic lipase is secreted in Active form as it is not the risk for pancreatic auto-digestion.

14. Pancreatic insufficiency
Clinical Application
Pancreatic insufficiency
When pancreatic enzymes are deficient, digestion of food is incomplete.
As pancreatic lipase is the only significant source for fat digestion, its deficiency results in Maldigestion of fats, it is called STEATORRHEA [increased undigested fat in feces.
Up to 60 – 70% of fat taken maybe excreted in feces.

15. Pancreatic Insufficiency
Digestion of protein and carbohydrate is impaired to a lesser degree because salivary, gastric and small intestine enzymes contribute to their digestion.

16. 2. Pancreatic Aqueous Alkaline Fluid
As highly acidic Gastric contents are emptied into the duodenal lumen, this acidic Chyme must be neutralized quickly in the duodenal lumen. Why?
- Because to allow the functioning of pancreatic enzymes [they work in neutral or slightly alkaline medium]. NaHco3 in pancreatic fluid neutralizes the acidic Chyme.
- To prevent damage to duodenal mucosa.

17. Regulation Or Control Of Pancreatic Exocrine Secretion
It is hormonal and neural mechanism.
1. Mainly by hormonal mechanism – secretin and Cholecystokinin [CCK].
2. Parasympathetic stimulation – little contribution during cephalic phase.
When Chyme enters the duodenum, Two major hormones secretin and CCK [Entrogastrones] are released in response to Chyme.

19. Regulation Or Control Of Pancreatic Exocrine Secretion
SECRETIN
Primary stimulus for secretion of secretin is acid in the duodenum.
Secretin is carried by blood to the pancreas where it stimulates the duct cells to increase NaHCO3 rich watery secretion in the duodenum.
NaHCO3 neutralizes the acid content of Chyme.

20. Regulation Or Control Of Pancreatic Exocrine Secretion
CHOLECYSTOKININ [CCK]
CCK is released from duodenal mucosa.
Main stimulus for release of CCK is Fat, to a lesser extent protein.
CCK is transported by blood to pancreas Acinar cell to increase digestive enzyme secretion.
These pancreatic enzymes help to digest fat, protein and carbohydrate.
All three types of enzymes [for protein, fat, and carbohydrate] are packed in Zymogen granules together, therefore, all are released together by exocytosis.

21. References Human physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, seventh edition
Text book physiology by Guyton &Hall,11th edition
Text book of physiology by Linda .s contanzo,third edition