1. MECHATRONICS
Technologies and developed products will be incorporating electronics more and more into mechanisms, intimately and organically, and making it impossible to tell where one ends and the other begins.

2. DEFINITION
Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics, decision and control algorithms, and computer hardware and software to manage complexity, uncertainty, and communication in engineered systems.
Field of study involving the analysis, design, synthesis, and selection of systems that combine electronics and mechanical components with modern controls and microprocessors.

3. Disciplinary Foundations
Multi-disciplinary: This is an additive process of brining multiple disciplines together to bear on a problem.
Cross-disciplinary: In this process, one discipline is examined from the perspective of another discipline.
Inter-disciplinary: This is an integrative process involving two or more disciplines simultaneously to bear on a problem.

4. Mechatronics Design Process
Modeling and simulation
Recognition of need
Conceptual design
Mathematical modeling
Sensors and actuator
Development of detailed model
Control system design
optimization
Prototyping
Hardware design and simulation
Design optimization
Deployment
Deployment of software
Manufacturers and testing lifecycle

5. Objective of Mechatronics
Integration of mechanical systems with electrical electronic and computer systems.
To improve efficiency of the system.
To reduce cost of production.
To achieve high accuracy and precision.
For easy control of the system.
Customer satisfaction and comfort.

6. Advantages of Mechatronics System
High level of integration.
Increased functionality and better design.
More use of electronics and software.
Use of artificial intelligence and intelligent process control
Assume responsibility for a process and operation with little interference of operators.
Multisensory and programs environments.
High reliability and safety.
Improved and less expensive control.

7. Disadvantages of Mechatronics System
The initial cost is very high.
The complicated design and system.
The repair and maintenance in complex.
Its replacement is difficult, that it is difficult to change old system to new system.

8. APPLICATION OF MECHATRONICS
HOME
Washing Machine
Automatic camera
BUSINESS
Xerox/Copy Machine
Barcode reader
INDUSTRIAL
Conveyors / Automation Control.
Automobiles – ABS Car engine managements.

9. Mechatronics Applications
Smart consumer products: home security, camera, microwave oven, toaster, dish washer, laundry washer-dryer, climate control units, etc.
Medical: implant-devices, assisted surgery, haptic, etc.
Defense: unmanned air, ground, and underwater vehicles, smart munitions, jet engines, etc.
Manufacturing: robotics, machines, processes, etc.
Automotive: climate control, antilock brake, active suspension, cruise control, air bags, engine management, safety, etc.
Network-centric, distributed systems: distributed robotics, tele robotics, intelligent highways, etc.

10. Examples of Mechatronic Systems
First Level
Mechatronics System

11. Second Level Mechatronics System
Operate a Power Machine Tools

12. Third Level Mechatronics System

13. Third Level Mechatronics System

14. SENSORS & TRANSDUCER Transducer
a device that converts a primary form of energy into a corresponding signal with a different energy form
Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, optical, chemical, etc.
take form of a sensor or an actuator
Sensor (e.g., thermometer)
a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus
acquires information from the “real world”
Actuator (e.g., heater)
a device that generates a signal or stimulus
real
world
sensor
intelligent
feedback
system
actuator

15. Sensor Systems Typically interested in electronic sensor
convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal
General Electronic Sensor
primary transducer: changes “real world” parameter into electrical signal
secondary transducer: converts electrical signal into analog or digital values
Typical Electronic Sensor System
real
world
usable
values
analog
signal
primary
transducer
secondary
transducer
sensor
input
signal
(measurand)
microcontroller
signal processing
communication
sensor
sensor data
analog/digital
network
display

16. Sensor Classification
Passive
Doesn’t need any additional energy source
Directly generate an electric signal in response to an external stimuli
E.g. Thermocouple, photodiode, Piezoelectric sensor
Active
Require external power called excitation signal
Sensor modify excitation signal to provide output
E.g. thermistor, resistive strain gauge 16

17. Static Characteristics
1.Accuracy – Proximity of the measured value to the true value. It is expressed as a percentage of the full range output or full-scale deflection. 2.Precision or Repeatability – Ability of the instrument to give the same output for repeated applications of the same input value. 3.Sensitivity – Ratio of incremental change in output to the incremental change in input. 4.Threshold – Minimum input signal required by the instrument to start functioning from its initial position.

18. Static Characteristics
5.Resolution – Smallest increment that can be measured in any range of the sensor. 6.Hysteresis – A sensor can give different outputs for the same value of quantity being measured depending on whether that value is reached by a continuously increasing or decreasing change. 7.Hysteresis error - Maximum difference in the input or output for the increasing and decreasing input value. 8.Dead Band or Dead space – Range of the input value for which there is no output.

19. Static Characteristics
9. Drift - Change in output that occurs over a time. It may be expressed as a percentage of full range output. The term ‘zero drift’ is used for the changes that occur in the output when there is zero input.
10.Error – Difference between the actual results of the measurement and the time value of the quantity being measured.
Systemic error may arise due to calibration errors
Calibrating error, computing error, procedure errors
Random errors are due to ambient change, loading error. It analyzed through statistical error analysis.