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Published byBarnaby Golden Modified over 6 years ago
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Planning and Troubleshooting Routing and Switching
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Overview Selecting Intermediate Devices
Planning an Internet Connectivity Strategy Planning Routing Communications Troubleshooting TCP/IP Routing
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Lesson: Selecting Intermediate Devices
Types of Devices When to Use Routing Types of Networking Domains What Are the Features of Switches? Virtual LANs Full-Duplex Transmission in Switched Environments Guidelines for Selecting an Appropriate Intermediate Device
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Types of Devices Device OSI layer Definition
Hub Physical (layer 1) Extends the network by retransmitting the signal Does not process the data Is invisible to the nodes Switch Data-link (layer 2) Forwards frames according to the destination address Uses temporary or virtual connections to connect source and destination ports Router Network (layer 3) Used to link WANs and dissimilar LANs Operates at the packet level Sends packets based on packet addressing Layer 3 switch Network (layers 2 and 3) Is a limited-purpose hardware-based IP router with bridging capabilities Also performs layer 2 switching
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When to Use Routing Use routing to: Traditional uses of routers
Isolate networks from each other Provide a start for a secure network implementation Traditional uses of routers Connecting WANs Segmenting LANs
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Types of Networking Domains
Switch Segment B Hub Segment A Broadcast Domain Collision Domain B Collision Domain A
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What Are the Features of Switches?
Switch feature Benefits Layer 3 Routes packets at layer 3 Forwards frames at layer 2 Cost Substantially cheaper than similar performance routers Hardware routing Fast performance (near wire speed) Minimal latency
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VLAN ABE – Broadcast Domain VLAN CDFG – Broadcast Domain
Virtual LANs Layer 3 Switch VLAN 1 VLAN 2 Hub Hub Hub A B C D E F G VLAN ABE – Broadcast Domain VLAN CDFG – Broadcast Domain
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Full-Duplex Transmission in Switched Environments
Frame A Frame B Frame C Frame D Full-duplex communication
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Guidelines for Selecting an Appropriate Intermediate Device
Cost Ease of implementation Administration and troubleshooting sophistication Protocol support Layer 1 support Speed Functionality Programmability
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Planning an Internet Connectivity Strategy
Requirements for an Internet Connectivity Solution NAT as a Solution for Internet Connectivity ISA (Proxy) as a Solution for Internet Connectivity Guidelines for Planning an Internet Connectivity Strategy
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Requirements for an Internet Connectivity Solution
Internet connectivity requirements Scalability and fault tolerance Filtering User access Authentication Bandwidth control Time-of-day access Extensibility and flexibility Application connectivity
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NAT as a Solution for Internet Connectivity
Why NAT is a good solution Same security requirements for all users Non-routed private network Required private addressing NAT Table maps to
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ISA (Proxy) as a Solution for Internet Connectivity
Why ISA (Proxy) is a good solution Secure Internet and private network access Routed or non-routed network Cache web contents Intranet ISA (Proxy) Server maps to
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Guidelines for Planning an Internet Connectivity Strategy
Define the existing network structure Define security requirements Identify connectivity requirements Select an appropriate solution
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Planning Routing Communications
Determining the Appropriate Connection Method Selecting a Routing Protocol Guidelines for Planning Router Connectivity
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Determining the Appropriate Connection Method
When used Leased lines Security is important Speed and reliability are required No budget constraints Tunneling No modem infrastructure Demand-dial routing On demand Limited traffic Per-instance fee pricing structure Demand-dial -persistent Ample traffic Flat fee pricing structure
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Selecting a Routing Protocol
Criteria Static routes Routing information rarely changes Small internetworks Scalability not an issue Manual updates required RIP (dynamic) Routing information constantly changes Automatic routing table updates required Existing routers use RIP Design includes demand-dial interface Maximum number of routers an IP packet will cross is 16 OSPF (dynamic) Existing routers use OSPF Design includes redundant paths between two subnets Design has more than 50 subnets
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Using IP Packet Filters
Corporate Headquarters Branch Office Interface B outbound filter All other protocols SNMP Interface A inbound filter Branch Office ICMP Interface C outbound filter All other protocols All protocols
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Guidelines for Planning Router Connectivity
Identify the router connection method Determine which connectivity options to use Determine which routing protocol to use Identify filter settings
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Troubleshooting TCP/IP Routing
How to Isolate a Routing Problem When to Use Each of the Troubleshooting Tools Troubleshooting TCP/IP Routing
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How to Isolate a Routing Problem
Inside-Out Strategy Outside-In Strategy Can you ping the remote host? Can you tracert to remote host? Can you access the failed system? If problem still exists, check route configuration Contact the administrator of the failed system Check system configuration Fix configuration problem Determine where trace fails Yes No Is the IP configuration correct? Correct the configuration Use tracert to identify communication breakdown Is the routing table accurate? Correct/delete the incorrect route entries Contact network support engineer Can you ping the gateway? Can you ping interior gateways? Divide-by-Half : Isolate by ½ the connection issue, then isolate by ½ again
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When to Use Each of the Troubleshooting Tools
Troubleshooting area Utility to use Local computer configuration Hostname Ipconfig NetStat Nbtstat ARP Network connections NetDiag Tracing paths Tracert Ping Pathping DNS NSlookup
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