1. The sources of English Law
Corso di inglese giuridico
(M-Z)
Prof.ssa C.M Cascione
Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’
Lezioni n. 5-6

2. A) THE LEGISLATION Legislative sources are: primary legislation
(Acts of Parliaments/statutes)
secondary legislation
(delegated legislation)
European legislation

3. PRIMARY LEGISLATION Acts of Parliament
the highest form of law in England
The Parliament is sovereign =
The Parliament is legislatively supreme
The Acts of Parliament cannot be challenged in a court (judges cannot question or disobey an Act of Parliament)

4. The process of enacting laws
Acts of Parliament have to be preceded by a proposal
It can come by:
The government
Advisory agencies
Pressure Groups
Single members of Parliament
After the proposal follow:
Consultation period
Drafting (BILL)
Enactment

5. Passage to the other House
First reading
Second reading
Commitee stages
Report stage
Third reading
Passage to the other House
Royal Assent

6. Secundary legislation
The Parliament may delegate an other body to make legislation in a specific area of law: there is a legal transmission of legislative powers by the Parliament to other institutions.
Secondary (or delegated) legislation is law made by certain individuals or institutions acting under a grant of legislative power from Parliament.
This grant is generally established in a enabling Act, which establishes a framework of general principles and gives powers to others to fill in the details (parent Act)

7. There are three main forms of delegated legislations:
Statutory instruments: rules, regulations and orders issued by ministers and national in effect
By – laws: rules generally issued by local authorities and local in effect on specific matters.
Orders in council: rules issued by the Privy Council, generally used only in cases of emergencies.

8. Structure of English statutes
Short title: the name by which the case can be cited in cases and discussions
Human Rights Act 1998; Terrorism Act 2000
Official reference: it is the technical title of the Statute
1998 chapter 46; 1999 c. 31; 2000 chapter 11 
Long title: a precise indication of what the statute is designed to achieve.
‘An act to provide….’; ‘An act to make provisions….’ 
Enacting words:
“Be it enacted by the Queen’s most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lord Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows”

9. The Body of the statute
It is broken into sections which are the provisions of which the statute is made (s).
Every section has a heading, that gives a short description of the content.
In longest statutes sections can be divided in subsections, dealing with different topics, indicated by numbers or letters.
In some statutes some legal provisions may be put into schedules to the act
Statutes often contains a definition section usually located at the back of the act; a special dictionary of terms used in the act.

10. B) THE JUDICIAL DECISIONS
Judicial opinions are written decisions authored by judges explaining how they resolved a particular legal dispute and explaining their reasoning

11. What’s in a judicial opinion
a) the caption –
The caption includes the last name of the person who brought the action (the claimant) and the last name of the person that has been sued (the defendant).
White v. Brown; Smith v. Jones…
In criminal proceedings, the action is brought in the name of the Crown, which personifies and represents the State.
R. v. Brown
In the appellate litigations the caption is composed by the name the appellant (who lost the action in first instance) v. the appellee (the person against whom the appeal is filled)

12. b) the case citation
It is composed by:
the name of the Court that decided the case
the year of the decision
The chapter and volume of the law report in which the decision is quoted
c) the facts of the case
….what happened?
X agreed to give 100 £ to Y and then changed his mind
X shot Y and Y died

13. d) procedural history
…what happened in the previous phases of the proceedings?
e) legal sources
What are the legal sources that can be applied to the case?
In the opinion could be mentioned:
legislative sources (acts of parliaments, regulations…), specifing the provisions that are usefull in deciding the case
precedents (previous decisions related to the case that the court is arguing)

14. f) legal issues These are the legal questions the court is going to answer to decide the case. Did X make a breach of contract? Was X liable for negligence? g) decision What dis the court decide in relation to the above issues? X made a breach of contract X was not liable for negligence

15. h) Reasoning
the reasons why a court took a certain decision and gave certain answers to certain issues.
In the reasoning we have to distinguish between the:
ratio decidendi: that is the rule of law expressed by the judge for that case; it is the only part of the opinion that can be binding for new cases
obiter dicta: that are parts of the sentence which are not necessary for deciding the case
i) judgement
j) awards

16. dissenting and concurring opinions
Generally most of English judgements are taken by a number of judges. They vote and the opinion of the majority prevails
Often, in common law decisions are also highlighted the:
Concurring opinions: are opinions of judges who voted in the same sense of the majority but they argued their reasoning on different legal rules, or on a different legal rationale
Dissenting opinions: are opinions hold by judges who voted in favour of the losing side.