1. Species Interactions

2. Abiotic Influence
Terrestrial: temperature, water, light and nutrient availability
Aquatic: same as above plus light availability, acidity, and salt concentration
Tolerance range:
The range in which a species can survive
Optimal range:
The range of abiotic factors a species is best adapted to

3. Biotic Influence
There are many kinds of relationships between organisms
Predator/ prey
As the population of prey decreases the predator population also decreases
A form of population control
Symbiosis
Long term relationship in which two species or organisms live closely together

4. Mutualism
When two species coexistence results in both species benefitting
Examples:
Flowers and bees: bees get nectar and flowers are pollinated
Monarchs and milkweed: butterflies drink nectar and butterflies pollinate.

5. Clown fish and sea anemone
The clownfish have a protected territory and the sea anemone needs the mucus from the clown fish to make their venom

6. Termites and intestinal microorganisms
Termites ingest wood, chew it but can’t digest without the aid of a microorganisms that break down the wood

7. Lichens Symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi.
The algae photosynthesizes and the fungi off structure (roots and body)

8. Predation When one organism consumes another organism Examples:
Wolf hunting a deer
Lady bugs eating aphids
Owl hunting a mouse

9. Commensalism
When two organisms coexist and one organism benefits while the other remains unharmed
Examples:
Cattle and the egret: the egret consumes insects that have been disturbed while the cattle forage
Barnacles and scallops: the barnicles have a place to live and the scallop is unaffected

10. Remora sharks
  They use an adhesive disk to “hitch a ride” on larger animals, usually whales, which tend to be sloppy eaters. 
When food floats away from the whale’s mouth, the remora can then collect the scraps of food floating by. 

11. Parasitism
When two organisms coexist and one organism benefits while the other is harmed
Examples:
Dogs and Cats + Fleas, ticks, intestinal worms
Lampreys and salmon
Leeches
Bed bugs
mosquitoes

12. Zombie Ants A parasitic fungus can infect an ant.
The fungus then takes over the control center of the ant and manipulates it forcing it to climb to the highest point available and then latch on to the vegetation.
The fungus then pushes through
the ants head releasing spores
and uses the ants body for
nutrition. *****video*****

13. Competition
When organisms compete for the same resources, mates or territory
Interspecific: competition between species
Intraspecific: competition within organisms of the same species
Examples:
Intraspecific : two male deer competing for a female
Interspecific: cheetahs and lions both compete for antelope; spruce and ash trees compete for sunlight