1. 1870s-1890s: Three “U.S.’s” become one
1. Post-Reconstruction South
2. N.E. Urban Industrialization
3. Western Frontiers

2. Three interlocking systems
Raw materials from the south and west fueled industrialization in NE cities.
Industrialization, Immigration and Urbanization

3. Rise of Big Business
Large-scale : Railroads, Steel, Oil, Meatpacking, etc…
“Robber Barons” - Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, Rockefeller

4. Vertical and Horizontal Integration
Trusts and Monopolies
Emergence of Modern Advertising
Emergence of Corporations, Professional Managers (new, small middle-class)

5. Laissez faire Economist Adam Smith, French for “let alone”
14th Amendment (“no state can deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law”) applied to corporations
Strict interpretation of the constitution = little to no regulation on business

6. The Horatio Alger Myth “pull yourself up by your bootstraps”
The “American Dream”
The Social Gospel

7. The New Immigrants Late 19th- Early 20th Centuries Between
1880 and 1920
23 million
immigrants

8. Shift in Immigrant Origin
White, Anglo-Saxon Protestant
WASP America
Early Immigrant Groups from Northern and Western Europe
EX: British, Irish, Germans, Scandinavians

9. The New Immigrants From Eastern and Southern Europe
Italy, Russia, Austro-Hungary
(modern Austria, Hungary,
Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Croatia, Bosnia,
Herzegovina)
-Greece, Turkey, Romania
Japan, Philippines

10. Factors Affection Immigration “Push/Pull”
“Push” Factors
-Lack of Jobs/Land at home
-Political/religious turmoil
“Pull” Factors
Job availability
Cheap Transport
Advertising
Previous Immigrants
Birds of Passage vs. permanent immigrants

11. Late 19th – Early 20th C. Time of Rapid and Massive Change
Industrialization
Urbanization
Internal Migration-North, Western Frontier
Technology
Immigration
2 Fundamental Principles of Human Nature
People Fear Change
People Fear What The Do Not Understand

12. Entered at a Time of Rapid and Tremendous Change
Brought New and Different Cultures, Languages, and Religions

13. Tenement living and ghettos
The “Boss” system and perspective

15. Labor Issues Shift from skilled to semi-skilled to unskilled
The “Putting Out” system
“Native Born” vs. Immigrant labor
American Federation of Labor
Knights of Labor

16. Justifying Racism Social Darwinism Gospel of Wealth Nativism
“Scientific” justification
-application of “survival of the fittest” to human groups
Gospel of Wealth
Religious justification
-Material success as a reflection of one’s inner worth
Nativism
Popular sentiment, Reflected in politics
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
Immigration Quotas-National Origins Act, 1924

17. Labor Strife RR strike of 1877, >100 dead Haymarket – May 1886
Pullman strike, 1894
“Company towns”
American Railway Union
Eugene V. Debs

18. The Gilded Age