1. MEDIEVAL THEATRE IN EUROPE

2. Introduction
Timeframe: from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the beginning of Renaissance. 5th century till the middle of the 16th century.
Secular theatre died in Western Europe with the fall of Rome
Most medieval theatre is religious in nature.
Not well documented due to a lack of surviving records and texts.

3. Society divided in:
1.Roman catholic church, which dominated religion, education and often politics.
2.The feudal lords, who owned the land and the serfs.
3.Serfs(peasants), who paid taxes and served in the military whenever needed.

4. Theatre in the dark ages (500-1000 AD)
At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church banned theatrical performances as barbaric and pagan.
Small groups of traveling performers – minstrels, jugglers, acrobats, bards, mimes, puppeteers -- went from town to town entertaining.
These were the only entertainment for the time. They were also precursors of Commedia Dell’Arte in France and Italy and today’s circuses.

5. Drama in the 10th century
Important to note that the Roman Catholic Church who shut down classical theatre also took part in the rebirth of the theatre in the 10th century.
Perhaps the church had little choice – it couldn't stop the pagan rites – too popular – so many aspects of pagan rites found their way into Christian ceremonies.

6. Hrotsvit of Gandersheim 935-1000
aka Roswitha, Hrotswitha, Hrotsvita
Canoness at the convent of Gandersheim in Germany
One of the earliest European playwrights
Her 6 plays, written in Latin, are based on Roman comedies by Terence, but focus on female characters in situations that test their devotion to Christian virtues.
Her intention was to revise the negative portrayals of women that she found in his comedies.
Hrotsvit of Gandersheim
Today, Hrotsvit is one of the earliest European playwrights, is best known for her plays.  These focus on female characters in situations that test their devotion to Christian virtues. Hrotsvit also wrote prefaces that introduce each group of her works and provide valuable information about the context in which she wrote and her literary objectives. In the selection that follows you will read Hrotsvit's preface to her plays. Here she claims her debt to the Roman playwright Terence and states her intention to revise the negative portrayals of women that she finds in his comedies.

7. Types of Medieval Drama
Liturgical tropes: gospel dramatizations
Mystery plays: Biblical plays
Miracle plays: saints’ lives
Morality plays: allegories
Interludes and farces: secular plays
Folk plays: pagan and folklore elements

8. LITURGICAL DRAMA (925-975A.D)
The content was from the church liturgy and it was performed by clergy during the church services.
These contained some theatrical elements and the first short plays were called tropes.
The dramas were written in Latin.

9. Religious Vernacular Drama
Vernacular: everyday speech. Roman catholic clergy switched from Latin to the languages of the people they served to.
The plays needed more actors and common people began acting as amateur performers.
As these plays became more elaborate they were performed outside the church.

10. The Religious Vernacular Plays
Performed in cycles
Aimed to reinforce Church doctrine
Melodramatic
good-rewarded and evil-punished
God and his plan were the driving forces not the characters.
3 kinds of religious plays:
Mystery plays
Miracle plays
Morality plays

11. The 3 M’s of Religious Vernacular Drama
Mystery plays: Biblical stories
Miracle plays: saints’ lives
Morality plays: allegories

12. Mystery (cycle) Plays
Mystery: from French mystere -- secret. The term could refer to Biblical truths or to the secrets of the crafts held by the guilds who were responsible for producing the plays.
In England, these Biblical plays were produced in cycles: a series of plays depicting Biblical history from the Creation to the Last Judgement. Also known as Cycle Plays.
The cycles were usually performed at the religious festival of Corpus Christi -- in the spring or early summer.

13. Mystery (cycle) Plays
While the plays were written by the clergy and overseen by the Church, the performances were produced by the guilds of each town and mostly performed by amateur actors.
Productions were considered a religious duty, and each guild invested considerable resources into productions.
Plays were often assigned to guilds associated with the subject matter of the play and became a kind of “advertisement”
The Flood: Shipbuilders or Barrelmakers
The last supper: Bakers
The Magi: Goldsmiths

14. Mystery Plays Stationary stage Mansions set up in row, side by side
Heaven is “stage right”
Hell is “stage left”
Platforms covered with cotton (the "glories") held angels.
“Hellmouth” - a fire-breathing monster representing hell

15. Dramatic techniques
English mystery plays incorporate a combination of high seriousness and low comedy:
High seriousness: the Biblical stories of the Old Testament and Jesus’ life and mission
Low comedy: the plays incorporate almost slapstick sketches of contemporary medieval daily life.
The plays are set in contemporary settings with recognizable contemporary characters: the truth of the Biblical stories is timeless -- the divine truths revealed in the Bible are still true “today”.

16. Continued…
Theatre was performed in found spaces: town squares, taverns, churches, banquet halls -- no specifically designated theatres
Theatre was intimate -- audience interacted with performers
Elaborate special effects
Characterization was often dependent upon costume and makeup
In France even women were allowed to perform.

17. English cycle plays Each cathedral town had its own cycle: York
Chester
Wakefield
N-town
The cycles were very popular amongst commoners and nobility: records show that both Henry VIII and Elizabeth I attended performances.
The Protestant Reformation brought a halt to the presentation of cycle plays as they incorporated Roman Catholic theology.
Cycles were performed every 2-10 years.
Some became huge spectacles. “The Acts of the Apostles” performed at Bourges, France in 1536 lasted 40 days and involved over 300 performers.

18. Staging
Mansions - small scenic structures for indicating location. In more complex plays, there were many mansions.
Platea – open acting space, adjacent to the mansion. The church structure usually served as the mansions (the choir loft, for instance, could serve as heaven; the altar might be the tomb of Christ).
Machinery was also used: to fly Christ up to heaven, have angels come down, etc.
Costumes were probably ordinary church vestments.

19. Staging the Plays PROCESSIONAL STATIONARY Pageant wagons would
travel a set route and perform at several locations: like a parade or
would be set up around a town square and the audience would travel from one wagon to the next to see the performances
STATIONARY
Mansions or a series of stages would be set up around the town square
Anchored at either end by Heaven and Hell
Elaborate special effects such as floods, flying and fiery pits were very popular

20. PAGEANT WAGONS
The term "pageant" is used to refer to the stage, the play itself, and the spectacle.
Platform on wheels
Pulled by men
Small enough to fit down narrow streets
May have had second platform, pulled behind

21. Simple Pageant Wagons

23. Morality Plays Theme: how to live a Christian life and be saved.
Allegory:
A story told on two levels: the literal and the the symbolic
Plot: a journey through life or to death
Emphasis switches from Biblical and saintly protagonists to the common man: Everyman, Mankind
Focus on free will
First major use of professional acting companies

24. Miracle Plays
Miracle plays were similar to mystery plays in dramatic techniques
Dramatized the lives of Roman Catholic saints ( in order to become a saint, a person had to perform 3 documented miracles)
The most popular subjects were the Virgin Mary (plays usually written in Latin), St. George (dragon slayer and patron saint of England) and St. Nicholas ( associated with Christmas festivities)

25. Interludes and Farces
Combined elements of allegory, classical myth, and courtly entertainment: music, dance, spectacle.
Interludes were short plays performed between courses at court banquets.
Farces were longer plays ridiculing such human follies as greed and dishonesty.
As the mysteries, miracle and moralities were censored by Protestant authorities, secular drama became more important to all levels of society.

26. The Decline of Medieval Theatre:
Increased interest in classical learning – affected staging and playwriting
Social structure was changing – destroyed feudalism and "corporate" nature of communities
Dissension within the church led to prohibition of religious plays in Europe (Queen Elizabeth, the Council of Trent, – religious plays outlawed.)
By late 16th century, drama of medieval period lost its force.

27. CONCLUSION Medieval rebirth of the theatre gives us a lesson:
“Whenever a society is sufficiently developed to allow its members freedoms of time and expression, the celebration of theatre will be an important way to explore and expand those freedoms.”

28. The End