1. How to Document Evidence in the Position Paper

2. Loose Leaf Paper
Name Hour (Notes and Practice)

3. MLA
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. A way to document sources in your paper.

4. Plagiarism Policy
Plagiarism is the taking of ideas, concepts, facts, and/or words of another and using them as one’s own. It is considered a form of stealing. Plagiarism will not be tolerated at Osseo Senior High School. Any form of plagiarism will adversely affect your grade and will result in disciplinary action.
If plagiarism is identified in any section of the persuasive paper, the student will have to rewrite the paper and the administration will issue a disciplinary consequence.

5. Avoid Plagiarism Definition of Plagiarism:
-using another person’s words, phrases, or sentences or another person’s ideas, strategies, and research without clearly distinguishing the borrowed material and/or without acknowledging the source.

6. The following are the most common types of plagiarism that occur in student work:
Word-for-word plagiarism is the direct copying of another’s material without giving credit.
Paraphrase plagiarism is using someone else’s ideas without crediting the source of the material or idea.
Spot plagiarism is using key words or phrases without giving credit.

7. When including evidence from your research, you may either PARAPHRASE or use a QUOTATION from the source.
When to Quote or Paraphrase
Direct Quotation. Use direct quotation when the source material is especially well-stated—that is, when it is memorable because of its succinctness, its clarity, its liveliness, its elegance of expression, or its other exceptional qualities.
Paraphrase. Use paraphrase as your most common note form. Make this the form that you always use unless you have a good reason to quote your source or to summarize it.

8. What is paraphrasing?
Paraphrasing is using someone’s ideas, but putting them in your own words. This is probably the skill you will use most when incorporating sources into your writing. Although you use your own words to paraphrase, you must still acknowledge the source of the information.

9. Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words from The Owl at Purdue
A paraphrase is...
your own rendition/version of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.
a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

10. Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...
it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.
it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.
the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.

11. 4 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase.
Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
Use parenthetical citation {(author).} to clearly document your evidence.

12. The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976):
A legitimate paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

13. The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976):
A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

14. Terms You Need to Know (or What is Common Knowledge?)
Common knowledge: facts that can be found in numerous places and are likely to be known by a lot of people.
Example: John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States in 1960.
This is generally known information. You do not need to document this fact.

15. What can be copied and considered acceptable:
Dates (September 11, 2001)
Proper Names (Theodore Roosevelt, Indianapolis
Scientific and technical terms (electrons, thermal pollution)
Objects (jack hammer, rocket, television)

16. Practice with the essay Asking How Much Is Enough by Alan B. Durning
Evaluate the paraphrase of this passage.
Original
The affluent life-style born in the United States is emulated by those who can afford it around the world. And many can: the average person today is 4.5 times richer than were his or her great-grandparents at the turn of the century.
Paraphrase
Many people around the world try to emulate rich Americans’ lifestyles. More and more people can afford to do this because the average person today is 4.5 times richer than people at the beginning of the century (Durning 530).

17. Practice with the essay Asking How Much Is Enough by Alan B. Durning
Evaluate the paraphrase of this passage.
Original
The affluent life-style born in the United States is emulated by those who can afford it around the world. And many can: the average person today is 4.5 times richer than were his or her great-grandparents at the turn of the century.
Paraphrase
Many people around the world try to emulate rich Americans’ lifestyles. More and more people can afford to do this because the average person today is 4.5 times richer than people at the beginning of the century (Durning 530).

18. Legitimate Paraphrase
Original
The affluent life-style born in the United States is emulated by those who can afford it around the world. And many can: the average person today is 4.5 times richer than were his or her great-grandparents at the turn of the century.
Legitimate Paraphrase
Many people around the world would like to live a lifestyle like the wealthy in the United States. It is becoming a reality for many people too because people around the world are 4.5 times richer than they were at the beginning of the 20th century (Durning 530).

19. Practice using page 532
Paraphrase the first paragraph in the new section.
The massive middle class. . .
(Durning 532).

20. Legitimate Paraphrase According to Alan Durning in his essay Asking How Much Is Enough, many people around the world would like to live a lifestyle like the wealthy in the United States. It is becoming a reality for many people too because people around the world are 4.5 times richer than they were at the beginning of the 20th century (530).

21. According to Alan Durning in his essay Asking How Much Is Enough,
Paraphrase the sixth paragraph in the new section. It begins “Some in the auto class. . .”

22. Direct Quotations
Quotation: using someone’s words. When you quote, place the passage you are using in quotation marks, and document the source according to a standard documentation style.

23. There are two different ways to cite direct quotations.
According to Peter S. Pritchard in USA Today, “Public schools need reform, but they’re irreplaceable in teaching all the nation’s young” (14).
“Public schools need reform, but they’re irreplaceable in teaching all the nation’s young” (Pritchard 14).

24. Write 2 examples of direction quotations you might want to use from page 532.
1. Begin the sentence by introducing the author’s name and title of the essay.
According to Alan Durning in his essay Asking How Much Is Enough,
2. Write the quotation, then cite the author and page number after the quotation.

25. Ineffective Use of Quotation
Today, we are too self-centered. “We are consumers-on-the-run…the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat…on the way to their next activity” (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want.
This example is ineffective because the quotation is not integrated with the writer’s ideas. Notice how it is dropped into the paragraph without any connection between the claim and the quotation. Furthermore, the quotation’s significance is not discussed, which makes it difficult for the reader to see the relationship between the evidence and the writer’s point.

26. A More Effective Use of Quotation
Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence, as James Gleick says in his book, Faster,” We are consumers-on-the-run…the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat…on the way to their next activity” (148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.
The second example is more effective because it follows the guidelines for incorporating evidence into a paragraph. Notice, too, that it uses a “lead-in” phrase to introduce the direct quotation. This “lead-in” phrase helps to integrate the quotation with the writer’s ideas. Also notice that the writer discusses and comments upon the quotation immediately afterwards, which allows the reader to see the relationship between the quotation and the writer’s point.

27. When writing an essay with outside sources:
Use
Claim Evidence Warrant
Introduce Cite Explain
How you “embed” evidence
ICE it
What you must include

28. Think of your evidence as a flower you are planting in your essay.

29. Introduce Cite Explain Prepare the ground; open up a space for it.
Place your “plant” in the space you’ve opened.
Push soil around it to get it to stand up.
Explain

30. Citations should refer back to the Works Cited page.

32. REMEMBER:
Discussing your evidence’s significance develops and expands a paper!
WARRANT