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Classical Conditioning & Drug Effects

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Presentation on theme: "Classical Conditioning & Drug Effects"— Presentation transcript:

1 Classical Conditioning & Drug Effects
Lesson 12

2 Learning & Drug-taking Behavior
Learning can be maladaptive phobias obsessive/compulsive disorder Drug-taking behavior Role of learning in drug-taking Motivation, acquisition, & maintenance Operant & Classical conditioning Same rules as any acquired response ~

3 Associative Learning Operant learning Attempt to change environment
Controlled by consequences Acquisition & maintenance Classical Conditioning (Respondent) Involuntary behavior Triggered by external events Learned “reflexes” Motivation *alters drug effects ~

4 Motivation Will expend energy to achieve goal Approach or Avoidance
What “motivates” behavior? Physiological responses Emotional responses Cognitive response Involuntary responses Both innate & learned ~

5 Learning Associations
Signal--Important event Based on reflexes stimulus  response automatic (involuntary) After association learned… signal triggers response ~

6 Reflexive Behavior Unconditional Stimulus (US) Biologically important
Survival value Unconditional Response (UR) Reflexive response Automatic ~

7 Learned Behavior Conditional stimuli (CS) Initially neutral
Becomes a signal/cue Conditional Response (CR) Learned response Elicited by CS ~

8 Classical Conditioning
CS US UR TONE FOOD SALIVATION

9 After Classical Conditioning
CS only Conditional Response Tone Salivation

10 Drugs & Classical Conditioning
Unconditional Stimulus (US) Drug’s interaction with nervous system Unconditional Response (UR) Drug effect(s) Conditional stimuli (CS) Cues for administration Conditional Response (CR) Homogenic or heterogenic? ~

11 Drugs & Classical Conditioning
Unconditional Stimulus (US) Drug’s interaction with nervous system Unconditional Response (UR) Drug effect(s) Conditional stimuli (CS) Cues for administration Conditional Response (CR) Homogenic or heterogenic? ~

12 Conditioned Withdrawal
Opiate addicts Naloxone  withdrawal CS: contextual cues syringe, sounds, location, etc. ~

13 Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts
Syringe Conditional Stimulus Naloxone Unconditional Stimulus Withdrawal Unconditional Response

14 Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts
Conditional Stimulus Syringe Withdrawal Conditional Response

15 Learning & Drug-taking Behavior
Learning can be maladaptive phobias obsessive/compulsive disorder Drug-taking behavior Role of learning in drug-taking Motivation, acquisition, & maintenance Operant & Classical conditioning Same rules as any acquired response ~

16 Drugs & Classical Conditioning
Unconditional Stimulus (US) Drug’s interaction with nervous system Unconditional Response (UR) Drug effect(s) Conditional stimuli (CS) Cues for administration Conditional Response (CR) *Homogenic or heterogenic? ~

17 Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts
Syringe Conditional Stimulus Naloxone Unconditional Stimulus Withdrawal Unconditional Response Withdrawal Conditional Response

18 Conditioned Drug Responses
Same laws of any learned behavior Acquisition Gradual & relatively permanent Extinction Spontaneous recovery Disinhibition Renewal effect Reacquisition ~

19 Recovery of Extinguished Response
Spontaneous Recovery just passage of time Disinhibition CS in new context Renewal Effect Extinction in different context than acquisition Reacquisition CR re-established in fewer trials ~

20 What does it all mean? Demonstrate association intact CR is inhibited
Spontaneous recovery & Disinhibition Might trigger relapse Reacquisition Craving / habit reestablished quickly Operant conditioning Same phenomena ~

21 CERs & Motivation Emotional component to URs
Associated with contextual cues CS+ / CS-  CER CERs often motivate behaviors including drug-taking Hedonism / Self-medication Lead to reinforcement ~

22 CER (affect) CS+ Positive Negative CS- Negative Positive
Appetitive Aversive US

23 Heterogenic Conditioned Drug Responses
Insulin = US Hypoglycemia = UR CS = peppermint odor CS alone measure CR = ? Hyperglycemia! Opponent processes Also role in associative tolerance ~

24 Heterogenic Conditioned Drug Responses
odor Conditional Stimulus US UR Insulin hypoglycemia hyperglycemia Conditional Response

25 Learning & Drug Tolerance
Shepard Siegel (1975) Associative Drug Tolerance Classically Conditioned Response Opponent process theory ~

26 Overall response Typical drug effects function of time
Physiological disturbance A process Compensatory response B process Back to baseline set point ~

27 Overall response A process + B process Hi euphoria set point Lo Time

28 Drug Effects & Compensatory Response
Hi A process = UR B process euphoria baseline Lo Time

29 Observed Response A process = UR homeostatic disturbance
Observed Response = A + B processes Net effects Environmental cues become CS injection ~

30 Associative Tolerance
Compensatory response becomes conditioned Starts sooner more efficient Present CS only  B process only CR is opposite to UR ~

31 Conditioning: Associative Tolerance
Hi A process = UR euphoria baseline B process Lo Time

32 Conditioning: Associative Tolerance
Hi A process = UR euphoria baseline B process Lo Time

33 Conditioning: Associative Tolerance
Hi A process = UR euphoria baseline B process Lo Time

34 Conditioning: Associative Tolerance
Hi A process = UR euphoria baseline B process Lo Time

35 Paradoxical Opiate Overdose
Death from respiratory depression lower than usual dose? Siegal (1975) Associative tolerance ~

36 Associative Tolerance
Give rats morphine in white box depresses respiration repeated morphine  tolerance  drug   respiration Opponent process compensatory response B process = increased respiration ~

37 Group 1  hi dose in white box same effects on respiration
Phase 1 Tolerance Test Group Group 2 Test Group 1  hi dose in white box same effects on respiration Group 2  hi dose in black box death ~

38 “Overdose” death Why? No Conditioned response (CR) No CS (white box)
Same as getting much larger dose ~

39 Opponent Process Theory Potential Explanation For...
CR opposite to UR Heterogenic CR Tolerance Paradoxical Heroin OD Conditioned drug withdrawal craving & drug seeking relapse ~

40 Classical Conditioning...
CR similar to UR Homogenic CR *Sensitization Context-dependent Placebo Effects LSD Flashback Acquisition of Drug Paraphernalia “Needle Freaks” ~

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