1. Loaded Question Nick noah 5th period
A loaded question is a question that contains a controversial or unjustified assumption.
Examples
If someone asks how do you get in, they are assuming they got in.
If someone asks how many times do you beat your wife, they are assuming they beat their wife.
If someone asks how many school shootings does it take to change gun safety laws, they are assuming that changing gun laws will prevent school shootings.
Loaded Question
Nick noah 5th period

2. False Alternative (Either-or)
Characterized by the “either this or that” language/statement
Only two choices are presented but more exist, or a gamut of possible choices exist between two extremes
Ex 1: “I will tell you this- you are either lying now, or you were lying in the court, and in either case you have committed perjury and you will go to jail for it.” (The Crucible)
Ex 2: America: love it or leave it
Ex 3: Either you are with us or against us
Andi Durham

3. The Straw man Definition: Examples:
A form of argumentation in which one transmutes an opponent’s argument (through oversimplification, exaggeration, or taking out of context) in order to undermine and weaken a position, thus making it easier to refute.
Examples:
Literary:
Procter: I have no love for Mr. Parris. It is no secret. But God I surely love. Cheever: He plow on Sunday, sir. Danforth: Plow on Sunday! C: I think it be evidence, John[Procter]. I am an official of the court, I cannot keep it. P: I – I have once or twice plowed on Sunday. I have 3 children, sir, and until last year my land give little.
The Crucible by Arthur Miller
Blue: actual argument, implies that he is good person Red: Strawman, implies that he isn’t bc he hates God bc he works on Sunday

4. The Straw man (Cont.) Examples (Cont.): Historical: Current:
“It was a little cocker spaniel dog in a crate he had sent all the way from Texas. Black and white spotted. And our little girl – Tricia, the six year old – named it Checkers. And you know, the kids, like all kids, love the dog and I just want to say this right now, that regardless of what they say about it, we’re going to keep it.” (When accused of illegally pocketing raised campaign funds)
-President Nixon’s “Checkers Speech” (1952)
Nixon takes his opponetns as claiming that it was wrong for him to keep a dog given as a campaign gift, which no one would ask him not to, when in reality they both knew keeping a dog and pocketing campaign funds are two different actions.
Current:
“Hillary Clinton wants to abolish the Second Amendment… Hillary Clinton wants to take your guns away, and she wants to abolish the Second Amendment!“
-Donald Trump at a campaign rally
Trump converts a position of stricter gun control to a position lusting for the disestablishment of the Second Amendment, an argument which no American would take seriously without being seen as a radical.

5. Ad Hominem
Definition: an argument directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining.
Donald Trump’s ad hominems
“I refuse to call Megyn Kelly a bimbo, because that would not be politically correct.” -Trump
“Erick Erickson is a total loser who has a history of supporting establishment losers in failed campaigns.” –Trump
“Ben Carson makes Jeb Bush look like the energizer bunny.” -Trump
Brittney Hatfield

6. Appeal to Ignorance
Assumption that a statement must be true if it can’t be proven false- or false because it cannot be proven true
Examples:
Statement that ghosts exist because it can’t be proven to be false or true.
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy’s claim that there were communists working in the government in 1950
Scientists can’t prove that UFOs don’t visit the Earth ; therefore, it makes sense why there are controversial opinions on the matter
Kacie Haynes

7. Appeal to pity
The attempt to distract from the truth of the conclusion by the uses of pity.
Student- I really believe I should have received a better grade, not only did I study at my grandmothers funeral, but I also skipped her hear transplant which was the only match for three years.
A young mom asks for assistance from a local church and she brings her three young children with her to speak to the pastor.
Anchor + chum – “intervention”
Bruce – “ just a bite”
Anchor-”hold it together man”
Chum – “remember fish are friends not food”
Bruce- “ food!!, I’m having fish tonight”
Anchor- “ he really doesn’t mean it, he never even knew his father”

8. Attacking the Motive Examples:
This fallacy takes place when an arguer criticizes someone’s motivation behind proposing a specific argument or claim instead of examining the worth of the argument itself.
Since the speaker has questionable motives, the argument is invalid.
Examples:
An ad criticizing President George W. Bush’s motives behind the Iraqi War commits this fallacy when they suggest his true purpose is to ensure the profits of U.S. oil companies and not to liberate the Iraqi people.
”Donald Trump has argued that we need to build a new campus. But Trump is the owner of Trump’s Construction Company. He’ll make a fortune if his company is picked to build the new campus. Obviously, Trump’s argument is a lot of self-serving nonsense.”
In an ad, “Grim Reapers,” the writers attempt to attack tobacco companies, but instead of exposing the detrimental effects of tobacco, they attack the company’s motive to give free samples, stating they intend to get people hooked on the product.
Benjamin Davis

9. Nathan Smith / 6th period
Begging the Question
Nathan Smith / 6th period

10. Begging the Question
Begging the question is a fallacy in which the premise of a conclusion depends on the conclusion being true in the first place. Often, the premise will just be a rewording of the conclusion. It’s a type of circular reasoning.
(Protip: It has nothing to do with questions.)

11. “Why do I have to show my ID? [Because] identity matters."
Begging the Question
“Why do I have to show my ID? [Because] identity matters."
Why does the TSA think that flyers’ identity is important? Because flyers’ identity is important.

12. Begging the Question “Illegal immigration is illegal.”
The implied conclusion is that you should oppose illegal immigration. And the premise? Because it's Illegal. This is entirely referential back to the conclusion, because “illegal immigration” obviously implies its illegality. This sign is basically saying “illegal immigration is bad because it is illegal immigration.” It is not rhetorically effective to anyone who doesn't already agree with the illegality of illegal immigration.

13. Begging the Question
“Russia just said the unverified report paid for by political opponents is "A COMPLETE AND TOTAL FABRICATION, UTTER NONSENSE." Very unfair! Russia has never tried to use leverage over me. I HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH RUSSIA - NO DEALS, NO LOANS, NO NOTHING!”
Or in other words,
The report that Russia is trying to use leverage over Trump is false, because Russia said that they are not trying to use leverage over Trump.

14. Card Stacking
Card Stacking is the logical fallacy of ignoring or greatly undermining evidence which opposes one's argument.
Often used in government propaganda.
Examples:
Donald Trump's argument in favor of his executive order restricting immigration from seven Muslim-majority countries.
Sprint's Data Coverage Map
Microsoft Surface vs. Macbook Air Ad
Sources: 
Created and Presented by Daniel Ashurst

15. Equivocation Micah Worley 6th period February 9, 2017
Logical Fallacy – refers to the concept of making an error in terms of reasoning
Equivocation – is an informal logical fallacy; the misleading use of a term with more than one meaning
Examples:
A feather is light. What is light cannot be dark. Therefore, a feather cannot be dark. “Light” has different meanings in the example above. “Light” can mean light in weight, as a feather is, or “light” can mean the brightness of an object.
“ The priest told me I should have faith. I have faith that my son will do well in school this year. Therefore, the priest should be happy with me.” The term “faith” used by the priest, was in a religious sense of believing in God without sufficient evidence, which is different from the “faith” in your son do to his past performance in school.
Cokes contain lots of calories. Calories are energy. Energetic people are healthy. Cokes are healthy drinks. In this example, calories implies energy, and energy suggests healthy. Just because calories imply energy, coke is not a healthy drink at all.
Micah Worley
6th period
February 9, 2017

16. Hasty Generalization:
-a logical fallacy in which the speaker attempt to support a conclusion with biased, irrelevant, or insufficient data
“When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending their best. They’re not sending you. They’re not sending you. They’re sending people that have lots of problems and they’re bringing those problems with us. They’re bringing drugs, they’re bringing crime, they’re rapists, and some, I assume, are good people.” –Donald Trump
“I would not be comfortable [with a Muslim in my administration] because you have peaceful Muslims and then you have militant Muslims, those that are trying to kill us… Secondly, yes, I do not believe in sharia law in American courts. I believe in American laws in American courts. Period. There have been instances in New Jersey. There was an instance in Oklahoma where Muslims did try to influence court decisions with sharia law. I was simply saying very emphatically American laws in American courts.” –Ben Carson
My grandmother visited America this summer for the first time. She witnessed a woman handing out samples at a mall. Amazed at the events, she called her son that evening to tell him that everything at American malls are free.
Megan Chong

17. Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
When an authority who is not actually an authority on a topic is used as reference in an argument
Ex: “I predict we can say ‘goodbye’ to the common cold in 2009 or ” - Sylvia Browne, Psychic Detective
Ex: Bill Cosby wearing a graduation cap and gown appeared in an advertisement for a Texas Instruments Calculator. He was meant to appear as an authority in order to make customers want the same calculator he “used.”
Ex: “Around my kitchen this is raisin time of year…because raisins are good, and good for you.” – Vincent Price, horror film star, in an ad for Sun Giant Raisins
Julianna Devaney

18. Red Herring
an irrelevant topic brought up in an argument to divert the said argument towards something the person doing the diverting is more comfortable arguing
Examples
President Donald J. Trump: diverted attention from Ted Cruz’s wins in several states by asking for his birth certificate (this man has an issue with those)
Harry Potter (and all of the books): Severus Snape is the longest literary red herring in the six books. He is seen as an enemy, the antagonist, to Harry’s protagonist until it is revealed (SPOILER ALERT!!!) Snape actually loved Lily and cared for Harry since day one at Hogwarts; he did save him from Quirrell in book one and sent the Patronus to save him, Hermione, and Ron.
The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown: Bishop Aringarosa is seen to be the conspirator from the start; he’s the prime suspect in the intricate plot. It’s revealed, however, that he was fooled by the real villain and used as a distraction. (Also, Aringa in Italian means herring and rosa means red!)
Simi Patel
Sixth Period
February 9, 2017

19. Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
The appeal to force fallacy is when coercion or a threat of force instead of a logical reason in order to justify a conclusion.
Donald Trump has warned the city of Chicago that he will send in the Feds if its crime rate doesn’t lower.
In the Battle of Hogwarts, Voldemort warns the students that if they do not hand Harry Potter over, he will destroy them.
Commodore Matthew Perry went to Japan with a well armed fleet in order to open up trade with them
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
To view this presentation, first, turn up your volume and second, launch the self-running slide show.
Erick Carrillo

20. Slippery Slope
The Slippery Slope is a fallacy in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question. In most cases, there are a series of steps or gradations between one event and the one in question and no reason is given as to why the intervening steps or gradations will simply be bypassed.
Ex.
Someone assuming that legalizing same-sex marriage will eventually legalize same-family marriage, such as cousins marrying.
Assuming anyone that owns a gun is dangerous- it's not the gun that kills, it's the person.
If you see A B C you automatically assume Z will come
Kinga Gracka

21. Two Wrongs Make A right Katelyn Atchison Period 6 2/10/17 What Is It?
It is a logical fallacy when a debater points out, or a person commits a wrong or corrupt action in order to justify their own wrong doing that was pointed out.
Why???
The arguer will do this to change the subject from one wrong action to another In attempt to distract their audience from his/her own flaws.
Noteworthy Examples:
“I will release my Tax returns When she Releases her Thirty- three thousand s that have been deleted” – Donald Trump to Secretary Clinton in the presidential debate
Mary got in trouble for wearing a short dress in school. she pointed out to her principle that the three girls in the hallway were wearing shorter dresses and were not dress coded.
In the Shakespeare play, Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio (a close friend to the ) is killed by Tybalt, because Tybalt (capulet) killed Mercutio, Romeo kills Tybalt.
Katelyn Atchison
Period 6
2/10/17

22. Weak Analogy Definition: Examples: Alec Taylor
When an analogy is used to prove or disprove an argument, but the analogy is too dissimilar to be effective.
Examples:
1. God is love, love is blind. Stevie Wonder is blind, therefore he is God.
2. “Life is like a box of chocolates – you never know what you’re going to get.” – Forrest Gump
3. “Guns are like hammers – they’re both tools with metal parts that could be used to kill someone. And yet it would be ridiculous to restrict the purchase of hammers – so restrictions on purchasing guns are equally ridiculous.”
Alec Taylor

23. Faulty Causal Generalization
Definition: the assumption that if one thing precedes another, the first event must be the cause of the second; usually applied with very little evidence
Examples:
I wore my lucky socks, and the football team won their game. Therefore, the team won the game because I wore my lucky socks.
Many children have been diagnosed with autism after receiving measles vaccines. Therefore, the vaccines cause autism.
Lieutenant Jimmy Cross chose to set up camp in the muck field, and Kiowa died in the muck that night. Therefore, the lieutenant was responsible for Kiowa’s death.
Katie Kroft

24. Bandwagon Brielle Caldwell 4th
Definition: the belief that an argument is valid because a majority of people accept it
Examples:
The "Rachel" haircut was popular in the nineties. Women who watched Friends all of the sudden had to have the same exact haircut. Since Jennifer Aniston had this style on Friends, tons of women have tried the cut. Everybody believed that that was the best haircut ever, resulting in it becoming very popular.
You wanted the Falcons to win the Super Bowl, but everyone was talking about “how awesome the Patriots are”. Based on their positions, you change yours and root for the Patriots.
You believe that people who receive welfare should submit a drug test, but your friends tell you that your idea is crazy and they don’t accept it. So, you decide to change your position based on their beliefs.
Brielle Caldwell th

25. InCoNsIsTeNcY Occurs when:
Two or more propositions are asserted that cannot both possibly be true (the propositions may be contradictions or contraries)
One holds two or more views/beliefs that cannot be all be true together
Examples:
"Nobody goes there anymore.  It's too crowded." - Yogi Berra
All general claims have exceptions.
“Almost everything is true. Almost nothing is true.” Tim O’Brien The Things They Carried Page 77
Mykaela Watt 1st Period