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What function do the red whorls of this organism have?
Figure 33.1 What function do the red whorls of this organism have?
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Calcarea and Silicea ANCESTRAL PROTIST Cnidaria Common ancestor of
Fig Review of Animal Phylogeny Calcarea and Silicea ANCESTRAL PROTIST Cnidaria Common ancestor of all animals Lophotrochozoa Eumetazoa Ecdysozoa Figure 33.2 Review of animal phylogeny Bilateria Deuterostomia
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Fig. 33-3-1 Invertebrate Diversity
Calcarea and Silicea (5,500 species) Placozoa (1 species) 0.5 mm A sponge Cnidaria (10,000 species) A placozoan (LM) Ctenophora (100 species) A jelly Acoela (400 species) A ctenophore, or comb jelly 1.5 mm Acoel flatworms (LM) LOPHOTROCHOZOANS Figure 33.3 For the Discovery Video Invertebrates, go to Animation and Video Files. Platyhelminthes (20,000 species) Rotifera (1,800 species) A marine flatworm A rotifer (LM) Ectoprocta (4,500 species) Brachiopoda (335 species) Ectoprocts A brachiopod
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Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
Fig. 33-UN1 Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
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Anatomy of a Sponge Choanocyte Osculum Amoebocyte Food particles
in mucus Flagellum Choanocyte Choanocyte Collar Osculum Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) Spongocoel Phagocytosis of food particles Amoebocyte Pore Spicules Figure 33.4 Anatomy of a sponge Epidermis Water flow Amoebocytes Mesohyl
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Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
Fig. 33-UN2 Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
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Mouth/anus Tentacle Polyp Medusa Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis
Polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians Mouth/anus Tentacle Polyp Medusa Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis Mesoglea Body stalk Epidermis Figure 33.5 Polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians Tentacle Mouth/anus
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Tentacle Cuticle of prey Thread Nematocyst “Trigger” Thread discharges
A cnidocyte of a hydra Tentacle Cuticle of prey Thread Nematocyst “Trigger” Figure 33.6 A cnidocyte of a hydra Thread discharges Thread (coiled) Cnidocyte
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Table 33-1
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(a) Colonial polyps (class Hydrozoa)
Fig Cnidarians (b) Jellies (class Scyphozoa) (c) Sea wasp (class Cubozoa) (d) Sea anemone (class Anthozoa) Figure 33.7 Cnidarians (a) Colonial polyps (class Hydrozoa)
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Reproductive polyp Feeding polyp Medusa bud Gonad Medusa Egg Sperm
Fig Reproductive polyp Feeding polyp Medusa bud MEIOSIS Gonad Medusa Egg Sperm SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (BUDDING) Portion of a colony of polyps FERTILIZATION Figure 33.8 The life cycle of the hydrozoan Obelia Zygote 1 mm Developing polyp Planula (larva) Key Mature polyp Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)
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Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
Fig. 33-UN3 Lophotrochozoa includes the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
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Fig. 33-9 A marine flatworm (class Turbellaria)
Figure 33.9 A marine flatworm (class Turbellaria)
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Pharynx Gastrovascular cavity Mouth Eyespots Ganglia
Anatomy of a planarian Pharynx Gastrovascular cavity Mouth Figure Anatomy of a planarian, a turbellarian Eyespots Ganglia Ventral nerve cords
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Male Human host Female Motile larva Ciliated larva Snail host
Fig The life cycle of a blood fluke. Like many trematodes, it is a parasite. Male Human host Female 1 mm Figure The life cycle of a blood fluke (Schistosoma mansoni), a trematode Motile larva Ciliated larva Snail host
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reproductive structures
Fig Anatomy of a tapeworm 200 µm Proglottids with reproductive structures Hooks Sucker Figure Anatomy of a tapeworm Scolex
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Jaws Crown of cilia Anus Stomach 0.1 mm Fig. 33-13 A rotifer
Figure A rotifer Anus Stomach 0.1 mm
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(a) Ectoproct (sea mat) (b) Brachiopods
Fig Lophophore Lophophore Figure Lophophorates (a) Ectoproct (sea mat) (b) Brachiopods
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Nephridium Visceral mass Heart Coelom Intestine Gonads Mantle Stomach
Fig Basic Body plan of a Mollusc Nephridium Visceral mass Heart Coelom Intestine Gonads Mantle Stomach Mantle cavity Shell Mouth Radula Anus Gill Figure The basic body plan of a mollusc Radula Mouth Nerve cords Foot Esophagus
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Fig A chiton Figure A chiton
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Gastropods (a) A land snail Figure Gastropods (b) A sea slug
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Mantle cavity Stomach Intestine Anus Mouth
Torsion - causes the animal’s anus and mantle to end up above its head. Mantle cavity Stomach Intestine Anus Mouth Figure The results of torsion in a gastropod
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Bivalve Figure A bivalve
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Clam Anatomy Coelom Hinge area Mantle Gut Heart Adductor muscle
Digestive gland Anus Mouth Excurrent siphon Figure Anatomy of a clam Shell Water flow Palp Foot Incurrent siphon Mantle cavity Gonad Gill
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Cephalopods Octopus Squid Figure Cephalopods Chambered nautilus
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Annelid: Earthworm Cuticle Septum (partition between segments)
Epidermis Coelom Circular muscle Metanephridium Longitudinal muscle Anus Dorsal vessel Chaetae Intestine Fused nerve cords Ventral vessel Nephrostome Metanephridium Clitellum Figure Anatomy of an earthworm, an oligochaete Esophagus Crop Giant Australian earthworm Pharynx Intestine Cerebral ganglia Gizzard Mouth Ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia Subpharyngeal ganglion Blood vessels
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Leech Figure A leech
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Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
Fig. 33-UN4 Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
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A free-living nematode - round worm
Figure A free-living nematode (colorized SEM) 25 µm
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Juveniles of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis encysted in human muscle tissue
Encysted juveniles Muscle tissue Figure Juveniles of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis encysted in human muscle tissue (LM)
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trilobite fossil Figure A trilobite fossil
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Arthropod External Anatomy
Cephalothorax Abdomen Antennae (sensory reception) Thorax Head Swimming appendages (one pair located under each abdominal segment) Figure External anatomy of an arthropod Walking legs Pincer (defense) Mouthparts (feeding)
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Horseshoe crabs Figure Horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus)
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Arachnids Scorpion Dust mite Web-building spider 50 µm
Figure Arachnids Web-building spider
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Anatomy of a spider Stomach Intestine Heart Brain Digestive gland Eyes
Ovary Poison gland Figure Anatomy of a spider Book lung Anus Gonopore (exit for eggs) Chelicera Pedipalp Spinnerets Sperm receptacle Silk gland
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millipede Figure A millipede
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Centipedes, class Chilopoda, are carnivores
Centipedes, class Chilopoda, are carnivores. They have one pair of legs per trunk segment Figure A centipede
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Anatomy of a grasshopper, an insect
Abdomen Thorax Head Compound eye Antennae Heart Cerebral ganglion Dorsal artery Crop Anus Vagina Figure Anatomy of a grasshopper, an insect Malpighian tubules Ovary Tracheal tubes Mouthparts Nerve cords
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Metamorphosis of a butterfly
(a) Larva (caterpillar) (b) Pupa (c) Later-stage pupa Figure Metamorphosis of a butterfly (d) Emerging adult (e) Adult
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Insect diversity Figure Insect diversity
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Crustaceans (a) Ghost crab (b) Krill (c) Barnacles
Figure Crustaceans (b) Krill (c) Barnacles
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Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
Fig. 33-UN5 Calcarea and Silicea Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia
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Anatomy of a sea star, an echinoderm
Stomach Anus Spine Gills Central disk Digestive glands Madreporite Radial nerve Figure Anatomy of a sea star, an echinoderm Gonads Ring canal Ampulla Podium Radial canal Tube feet
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Echinoderms Figure 33.40 Echinoderms (a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)
(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea) (c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea) (d) A feather star (class Crinoidea) Figure Echinoderms (e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea) (f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)
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Animal Phyla
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You should now be able to:
Describe how a sponge feeds and digests its food. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from other animal phyla. List the four classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based on life cycle morphology. List the characteristics of Platyhelminthes and distinguish among the four classes. Describe the features of molluscs and distinguish among the four classes.
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6. Describe the features of annelids and distinguish among the three classes.
7. List the characteristics of nematodes that distinguish them from other wormlike animals. 8. List three features that account for the success of arthropods. Define and distinguish among the four major arthropod lineages. Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and chordates.
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