1. The American Revolution

2. CAUSES
The roots of the Revolutionary War began in the very first settlements in North America.
From the beginning, the American colonists were used to doing things their own way. Great Britain was a long way off and the young America did not like being told what to do by a distant country and King.

4. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
Also known as the Seven Years War, this war was fought over conflicting territorial claims between the French and British in the Ohio River Valley. The British victory resulted in virtual expulsion of the French in North America. However Britain was greatly in debt after the war and began to look for ways to raise capital by taxing its colonies.

5. Stamp Act
The 1765 Stamp Act required colonists to pay a tax (in the form of a stamp) on printed documents, various licenses, and other goods. Colonists rebelled and terrorized British tax collectors. The British withdrew the tax.

6. The Townshend Act of 1767
The Townshend Act of 1767 authorized Parliament to issue taxes on in-demand imports such as glass, lead, paint, paper and tea. British soldiers had to be brought into Boston to prevent an uprising.

7. Boston Massacre
Boston was a hotbed of revolutionary activity. In the Boston Massacre, unarmed Americans were shot and killed by British troops.

8. Boston Massacre
Tension over the presence of British troops in Boston led to the Boston Massacre, the first episode which resulted in the loss of life. Four Bostonians were killed when Redcoats fired into an angry mob.

10. BOSTON TEA PARTY
Another troublesome tax was the Tea Tax which told Americans that they could only buy tea from one company, the British East India company.
Angry Bostonians known as the Sons of Liberty boarded a British tea vessel dressed as Indians and dumped all of its tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea tax. This event resulted in the Intolerable Acts.

11. Intolerable Acts
The Boston Port Act closed the port of Boston until the price of the dumped tea was recovered.

12. Continental Congress
With war looming, the Continental Congress was formed for the purposes of drawing consensus within the colonies for action against the growing threat of British occupation.
the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in September of In all, 56 delegates from 12 colonies got together to decide what to do in response to what they saw as a growing problem.
Many Americans wanted war. But the British army was large and well-trained. American leaders knew it would be a desperate fight.

13. THOMAS PAINE AND COMMON SENSE
Common Sense, one of the most influential pamphlets in American history galvanized the American public to support the Revolution and condemn the monarchy in England.

14. EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

16. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The purpose of this important American document was to tell the world why America was breaking away from British rule

17. TREATY OF PARIS
This document outlined the terms of the British surrender in Its ratification officially ended the Revolution, making America a free country.

18. Articles of Confederation
America’s first attempt at organized government was the ill-conceived Articles of Confederation. This government gave the new “states” too much power and was insufficient as a means of governing a nation.

19. Constitutional Convention
The 1787 Constitutional Convention resulted in the elimination of the Articles of Confederation and the formation of a new, more effective government and constitution.

20. Federalist Papers
The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, which outlined reasons why the states should ratify the Constitution.

21. Bill of Rights
Although many legislators believed a Bill of Rights was not necessary as part of the Constitution, it was nevertheless included. The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

22. TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS
Foreign policy issues, newspaper wars, and partisan politics threatened to destroy the new nation in its infancy.

23. “…These are the times that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country: but he that stands it NOW deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered. Yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” – Thomas Paine, 1776

25. First Continental Congress
After the Boston Massacre, in which unarmed Americans were shot and killed by armed British troops, Boston became the target of one of the Intolerable Acts (1774) The Colonists were becoming increasingly rebelious.
The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in September of In all, 56 delegates from 12 colonies (all except Georgia) got together to decide what to do in response to what they saw as a growing problem.
Many Americans wanted war. They urged people to get their guns and fight the British. But the British army was large and well-trained. American leaders knew it would be a desperate fight.

26. April 19,1775 – . Paul Revere's famous ride let the people of Lexington and Concord know that the British were coming. Word spreads through the east and thousands volunteer for the Continental Army.

27. The Shot Heard Round the World
The first shots were fired on Lexington Green on April 19, The British march to Concord, Massachusetts where they are picked apart by snipers.
Neither side claimed victory, but several soldiers on both sides were hurt.

28. April 23, 1775 – The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts orders the mobilization of 13,600 troops. Thousands of men from throughout the colonies descend upon Boston to partake in its defense.

29. Second Continental Congress
May 10, 1775 – The second Continental Congress meets at Philadelphia. The Continental Army is officially formed and George Washington is named Commander-in-Chief.

30. Fort Ticonderoga
May 10, 1775 – Ethan Allen and Green Mountain Boys capture Fort Ticonderoga. The fort was crucial for British communication with Canada and contained heavy artillery and cannons – which the Patriots dragged to Boston.
American attempts to invade Canada ended in defeat. This famous seizure of Fort Ticonderoga ended in a British victory two years later.

31. BUNKER HILL

32. June 17, 1775 – British forces advanced up a steep hill for two straight days before finally capturing it. The Battle becomes known as Bunker Hill, despite the fact that most of the fighting took place on Breed’s Hill. British forces drive the Patriots to retreat, but suffer over 1,000 casualties. The American forces had lost the hill (and its commanding view of Boston) but had proved to themselves that they could fight against the British.

33. GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON
July 3, 1775 – Washington arrives in Massachusetts and assumes duty as Commander-in-Chief. Most of his army, however, are untrained undisciplined farmers, artisans and workers.

34. July 6, 1775 – Congress drafts the Declaration on the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms which details the colonists’ reasons for fighting the British and states that Americans are “resolved to die free men rather than live as slaves.”
November 28, 1775 – America establishes its first navy and seeks assistance from foreign nations.

35. December 23, 1775 – King George III closes all American colonies to foreign trade effective in March, 1776.
January 6, 1776 – New Hampshire adopts the first American state constitution.

36. January 9, 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes “Common Sense”
January 9, 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes “Common Sense”. The 50 page pamphlet is critical of King George and states the benefits of an independent America. Common Sense instantly becomes a best seller in America.

37. March 4-17, 1776 – American forces capture Dorchester Heights, Massachusetts which lies on a hill above Boston. Patriots strategically place a cannon, dragged from Fort Ticonderoga, on top of the hill, pointed at the British. British forces evacuate Boston and set sail for Halifax. George Washington, fearing an attack on New York City, rushes to set up defense.

38. April 6, 1776 – Continental Congress declares all shipping ports open to foreign traffic except the British. They also recommend the disarming of all Loyalists.
May 2, 1776 – The kings of Spain and France promise to help America in the quest for independence. King Louis XVI of France gives 1,000,000 dollars worth of supplies and munitions.
May 10, 1776 – Continental Congress authorizes its colonies to form local governments.

39. June 11, 1776 – Congress appoints a committee to draft a declaration of independence from England. Thomas Jefferson is chosen to write the declaration.
June 28, 1776 – The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson is presented to congress. Congress approves.
July 4, 1776 – The Declaration of Independence is ratified and sent to all 13 colonies.
The Americans angered the British further by issuing this Declaration of Independence, which documented offenses to the American people committed by Britain's King George III.
Now that the Americans had declared themselves independent, they had to fight to keep it.

40. Both sides fought minor skirmishes, but no major battles were fought for several months.
June 28, 1776 – Patriot forces inflict serious damage on a fleet of British ships off of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina.
In July 1776, 30,000 British troops and 1,200 cannons arrived in New York harbor. With these kinds of reinforcements, the British began winning battle after battle. These included Brooklyn, White Plains, and several other battles in and around New York city.

41. Brooklyn
August 27-29, 1776 American forces under George Washington are routed by 15,000 troops under the command of British General Howe.
Americans are forced to retreat to Brooklyn Heights and are faced with disaster.
Later that night, Washington evacuates his troops across the East River to Harlem Heights.
The British fail to pursue and Washington has time to change his tactics.

42. Harlem Heights
September 11, 1776 – British and American officials meet for a peace conference at Staten Island, NY. British Lord Richard Howe demands the cancellation of the Declaration of Independence. American officials, including Benjamin Franklin, refuse.
September 16, 1776 – General Washington and Patriot troops defeat British forces in a small battle at Harlem Heights, NY. Soon after, a fire breaks out in New York City and destroys over 300 buildings.

43. Battle of Valcour Bay
September 22, 1776 – Nathan Hale is executed by the British for spying on their troops. His famous final words were, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country”.
October 11, 1776 – The newly formed American Navy is crushed by British forces at the Battle of Valcour Bay on Lake Champlain.
Most of America’s naval forces are destroyed.

44. The Battle of White Plains and the Battle of Fort Washington
October 28, 1776 – Patriot forces under General George Washington are routed at the Battle of White Plains. Washington is forced to retreat westward.
November 1776 – Patriot forces under George Washington suffer a terrible defeat at the hands of British General Howe at the Battle of Fort Washington in Manhattan. Casualties number over 3,000 for Washington’s Continental Army. He also loses cannons and thousands of military supplies and is forced to retreat toward the Delaware River.
British General Cornwallis, who took Fort Lee, New Jersey during the battle pursues.

45. British Push Forward
December 6, 1776 – British forces take Newport, Rhode Island.
December 11, 1776 – Washington’s troops cross the Delaware River and enter Pennsylvania.
December 12, 1776 – Fearing a British attack, congress abandons Philadelphia and heads for Baltimore.

46. “Washington’s Crossing”

47. “Washington’s Crossing”
December 26, 1776 – Desperate for some kind of success, American Commander George Washington led his men across the ice-packed Delaware River on Christmas night, 1776, and won a stunning victory against Hessian forces at Trenton, New Jersey. The Continental Army under Washington crossed the icy Delaware River and ambush 800 astonished Hessian (German mercenaries) at 4:00 in the morning. All Hessians are captured. “Washington’s Crossing”, as it came to be known, improved the morale of the army.

48. January  - Moving quickly, Washington also defeated the British at Princeton, N.J. a few days later and drive them northeast to New Brunswick. Washington set up a winter encampment at Morristown, N.J. where his army is reduced by the cold weather and bad conditions. When the weather improved, 9,000 new troops volunteer.

49. New Flag
April 27, 1777 – Patriot forces under General Benedict Arnold defeated British forces at Ridgefield, Connecticut.
June 14, 1777 – A new flag with thirteen stars and thirteen stripes is mandated by congress.

50. John Paul Jones and the Ranger
John Paul Jones is chosen the Captain of Ranger, an 18 vessel ship, with plans to make raids on England’s coastal towns.

51. Fort Ticonderoga
June 17, 1777 – The British plan to separate New England from the rest of the colonies commences. British General John Burgoyne and his army of 7,700 redcoats descends to Albany from Canada and plans to join General William Howe and forces marching north from New York City.
July 6, 1777 – British General Burgoyne’s forces easily take Fort Ticonderoga, an important northern stronghold, on the shores of Lake Champlain in New York.
July 23, 1777 – British General William Howe makes a serious tactical error. Instead of meeting Burgoyne near Albany, he decides to sail toward the Chesapeake Bay and invade the Patriot capital – Philadelphia.

52. Marquis de Lafayette
July 27, 1777 – Marquis de Lafayette (French) arrives in Philadelphia and becomes a major general in the Continental Army at age 19.

53. Oriskany & Bennington
August 1, 1777 – Burgoyne’s British forces reach the Hudson River.
August 6, 1777 – British forces route Patriots under General Nicholas Herkimer at Oriskany, NY.
August 16, 1777 – Patriot forces defeat a detachment of Burgoyne’s army at Bennington (in present day Vermont) who were trying to steal horses.

54. Brandywine and Germantown
The British still proved too strong. In a series of battles in Pennsylvania (including  Brandywine and Germantown), the British drove the Americans steadily back from their homes and their families.
September 9-11, 1777 – General George Washington and men meet British General William Howe and British forces at Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania. Washington’s army of over 10,000 men is forced back toward Philadelphia. Both sides suffer heavy losses.

55. September 26, 1777 – William Howe’s and British forces occupy Philadelphia. Congress is forced to evacuate the city and head to Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Things looked very bad for America. British troops were seemingly everywhere. They were winning every battle in sight.
Then came Saratoga.

56. Saratoga

57. Saratoga
October 7, 1777 – American forces earn their first major victory of the war at Saratoga, NY (near Albany) under Generals Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates. If British General William Howe would have followed through with the plan to meet Burgoyne, rather than occupy Philadelphia, the Continental Army likely would have fallen.
It was supposed to be a great British victory, resulting in the seizure of all of New York. British forces, under three generals, would converge on Saratoga and trap the American forces there, forcing them to surrender.
Instead, only one British general showed up at Saratoga, General John Burgoyne. He fought anyway but, in the end, had to surrender almost his entire army to American General Horatio Gates (October 1777). This was a stunning development, and the world took notice. In particular, France, always willing to fight against Great Britain, agreed to send money and troops to the Americans.

58. Articles of Confederation
November 15, 1777 – Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation as the new government of the United States of America pending the approval of the 13 states. Congress is now the sole authority over the government.

59. Valley Forge
Even though Saratoga was a great victory, the British still owned a lot of territory in America. George Washington was still fighting for his life in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Just a few months after Saratoga, Washington and his troops had to endure the terrible winter at Valley Forge, when it was so cold that many soldiers died or deserted.
December 17, 1777 – George Washington sets up winter encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Disease and frigid temperatures decimate the camp. Morale is low until German General Baron Von Stueben is brought to train the people to be soldiers.

60. A World War
February 6, 1778 – France and the United States sign treaties of alliances. France became a strong partner in the quest for American independence and provided most of the Patriot military supplies. France further pledged to help fight Britain until American independence could be gained.
Britain and France then declare war on each other when British ships fire upon a French fleet. Britain would now find themselves fighting not only in North America, but in Europe, Asia and Africa as well.

61. Baron Von Steuben
February 23, 1778 – Baron Von Steuben arrives at miserable Valley Forge and provides indispensable military training to Americans spending the winter there.

62. Battle of Monmouth

63. Battle of Monmouth
March 16, 1778 – British peace commission sent to Philadelphia offers to repeal all taxes and submit to all American demands except independence. Proposed compromise is rejected by Congress.
In June 27-28, 1778, Washington fought the British to a draw at the Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey. The battle was inconclusive, but American General Charles Lee orders a retreat, which allows Clinton’s army to continue to New York City.
June 18, 1778 – British forces withdraw from Philadelphia, fearing a naval blockade by French fleets. General Henry Clinton and British forces cross New Jersey on their way to New York City. Patriot General George Washington sends troops after him.
This was considered to be somewhat of a victory. Both sides fought on, in minor battles for the better part of 1779.

64. July 3, Patriot residents of Wyoming Valley in northern Pennsylvania are massacred by loyalists and Indians.
July 8, 1778 – General Washington moves headquarters to West Point, New York
November 11, 1778 – American settlers are once again massacred by Indians and loyalists at Cherry Valley, New York

65. Charleston and Savannah
Then, the focus turned south. The American success at Saratoga and at several skirmishes after that had convinced the British to focus more on the south, where they were having greater success.
December 29, 1778 – British forces quickly score major victories at Charleston and Savannah and succeed in occupying all of Georgia. Battles in the southern interior are successful for the British but result in heavy casualties.

66. May 10, 1779 – The British continue their southern campaign by burning Portsmouth and Norfolk, Virginia
June 16, 1779 – Spain declares war on Great Britain.
July 5, 1779 – Loyalists burn Connecticut towns of Norwalk, Fairfield and New Haven.

67. Ups and Downs
August 29, 1779 – American forces defeat Indian and Loyalist forces at Elmira, New York. They proceed to burn Iroquois villages in retaliation for the massacres on American settlers.
September 3 – October 28, 1779 – After the battle of Savannah, British had occupied the town. The Americans now tried to take it back but failed miserably and suffered heavy casualties.

68. “I have not yet begun to fight”
September 23, 1779 – John Paul Jones defeats a British fleet off the coast of England. Despite initial failure, when his unconditional surrender is demanded by British forces, Jones utters the famous words: “I have not yet begun to fight”. He then captures the British ship before his own sinks.

69. A Setback
October 17, 1779 – General George Washington sets up winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. His army suffers another brutal winter which results in death, disease, low morale, and at least one attempted mutiny.
April 8, 1780 – May 12, 1780 British General Henry Clinton arrives at Charleston, South Carolina from New York with 8,000 men. A month later, the British promptly take Fort Moultrie, South Carolina and then begin bombarding Charleston Harbor. American forces suffer their worse loss of the war, and are forced to surrender their entire southern army of 5,400 men on May 12.

70. Kings Mountain

71. Battle of Kings Mountain
But the American people fought on. In battle after battle in the south, British victories didn't seem to matter. The British had won at Charleston and Camden, but the Americans kept retreating but not giving up. Finally, in October of 1780, a breakthrough came at the Battle of Kings Mountain, South Carolina. In just 65 minutes, American forces decidedly defeated the British and captured one-third of the entire southern British army.

72. The War Drags On…
May 25, 1780 – General Washington is threatened with mutiny at his Morristown, N.J. winter camp. Soldiers march through camp and demand payment (which is overdue by five months). Two leaders are hanged.
June 11, 1780 – A new Massachusetts constitution is endorsed which calls for the freedom of slaves.
June 13, 1780 – General Horatio Gates is placed in command of the southern army.
July 11, 1780 – 6,000 French troops under the command of Count de Rochambeau arrive at Newport, Rhode Island. They are forced to remain there for nearly a year because of a blockade formed by the British fleet.

73. The Traitor Benedict Arnold
August 3, 1780 – Benedict Arnold is placed in command at Washington’s West Point headquarters. Unfortunately, Arnold has been collaborating with British General Henry Clinton for over a year concerning Washington’s position.
August 16, 1780 – 900 American soldiers are killed and 1,000 captured by British General Charles Cornwallis in South Carolina.
September 23, 1780 – Benedict Arnold is revealed as a spy and his plans to surrender West Point to the British are exposed. Arnold flees from West Point and joins the British army as a brigadier general.

74. Cornwallis
October 7, 1780 – American forces capture 1,000 of Cornwallis’ men in North Carolina. Cornwallis abandons his attempt to invade the state.
October 14, 1780 – General Nathaniel Greene replaces Horatio Gates as commander of the southern army. Greene promptly rallies support by pursuing Cornwallis’ army on a wild chase through the wilderness of the Carolinas and Virginia. As a result, Cornwallis’ army is battered, fatigued, and low on supplies.

75. January 17, 1781 - The Continental Army had another victory at Cowpens, South Carolina. American forces under Daniel Morgan defeat British forces at Cowpens, S.C.
Now, the Americans had the British on the run. A few months later, the British technically won the Battle of Guilford Courthouse (in North Carolina). However, the British lost even more men. With French reinforcements on the way on land and at sea, the British turned north.

76. March 15, 1781 – General Charles Cornwallis’ and his army of over 10,000 invade Guilford Courthouse, N.C. They suffer horrible casualties however, and fail to follow the retreat of the Patriots. Cornwallis decides to leave the Carolinas and lead his entire army into Virginia to conquer the state.
June 10, 1781 – American troops under Marquis de Lafayette, Gen. Anthony Wayne and Baron von Steuben form a combined force in Virginia to oppose British forces under Benedict Arnold and Gen. Cornwallis
June 11, 1781 – Congress appoints a Peace Commission of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay and Henry Laurens.

77. Cornwallis Has a Bad Time
August 1, 1781 – General Cornwallis’ army chooses Yorktown, Virginia as a resting place to hole up and wait for more British troops to arrive. He then establishes a base to communicate by sea with Henry Clinton’s forces in New York.
The British troops never arrived. French ships sailed into Yorktown harbor instead, while the American army advanced. Forced into a battle he didn't want, Cornwallis fought anyway. But the combined might of America and France was too much. On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered his army to American General George Washington.
A few details remained. Some minor skirmishes took place, mainly between people who hadn't heard that the war was over. British troops left America while the two sides negotiated the terms of a peace treaty.

78. August 14, 1781 – General George Washington abandons a proposed attack on the British in New York City after learning that French Admiral Count de Grasse, 29 ships, and 3,000 French soldiers were heading south along the Chesapeake Bay. Washington then coordinates with Gen. Rochambeau to send troops south to Virginia to destroy the British position in Yorktown.

79. August 30, 1781 – Count de Grasse’s French fleet arrives off Yorktown, Virginia. De Grasse then lands troops near Yorktown, linking with Lafayette’s American troops to cut Cornwallis off from retreat by land.
September 5-8, 1781 – British naval forces under Thomas Graves engage the superior French naval forces under Count de Grasse off the coast of Yorktown, Virginia. British forces are forced to retreat to New York for reinforcements leaving the French in complete control of southern waters. The French Fleet forms a blockade which effectively traps British General Cornwallis at Yorktown and prevents his retreat by sea.

80. Yorktown
September 14-24, 1781 – French naval ships are sent north to transport Washington’s Continental Army to Yorktown.
September 28, 1781 – The siege at Yorktown begins. General Washington’s army of 17,000 begin encircling the city while French naval forces bombard Cornwallis’ army with cannon fire continuously.

81. October 17, 1781 – As Yorktown is about to be taken, General Cornwallis begins surrender negotiations.
October 19, 1781 – General Cornwallis formally surrenders at Yorktown. The British army is decimated and the war is virtually over.
January 5, 1782 – The British withdraw from North Carolina.

82. Peace Talks Begin
April 12, 1782 – Peace talks between Benjamin Franklin and English officials begin in Paris.
June 11, 1782 – The British evacuate Savannah, Georgia.
August 27, 1782 – The last skirmish between the British and Americans occurs near the Combahee River in South Carolina.
December 14, 1782 – The British evacuate Charleston, South Carolina.
January 20, 1783 – England signs a peace treaty with France and Spain.

83. The End of the War
February 27, 1782 – The British House of Commons votes against further war with America.
February 3, 1783 – Spain, Russia, Sweden and Denmark formally recognize America’s independence.
April 11, 1783 – Congress officially claims an end to the Revolutionary War.

84. Treaty of Paris
July 8, 1783 – The Supreme Court in Massachusetts abolishes slavery in that state.
June 13, 1783 – The Continental Army disbands.
September 3, 1783 – The United States and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Paris officially ending the war. America is free!