1. Same damage by sector, different impacts

2. Same chart, but with recovery times

3. Conclusions
Indirect losses in London between 0.3 and 2 times that of direct losses
Indirect losses tend to be uninsured
Distribution and Business Services (including the Financial Sector) cause the greatest vulnerability, so resources go here
Transport damage, including to the distribution system, is the next most significant. Impact here is difficult to predict
The structure of the economy could shift, as took place in New Orleans
Resilience of the economy depends on how limited recovery resources are allocated, and the role of government and insurers

4. Building institutional capacity
A key factor in vulnerability, especially in regards to planning and disaster responses

5. Options: The policy hierarchy
Policies
Strategies
Action plans
Instruments
Mechanisms

6. Options for policy-makers
Regulations – Do it or I hit you
Permits – Do it or you can’t operate
Prices – Do it or your costs rise (issue of re-cycling revenue)
Standards – Do it or you won’t get planning permission
Information – You would do it if only you knew…
De-risking – I will be the backstop for your investment
Public projects – I will do it myself (and you can tag along)
Subsidies – I will get you over the Valley of Investment Death
Public relations – I will name, shame or celebrate you
Transfers – I will facilitate transfer of finance, technology, knowledge