1. Text Structures

2. Nonfiction Organizational Patterns
Text Structure
Nonfiction Organizational Patterns

3. How text is written so it makes sense.
Text Structure
How text is written so it makes sense.
Stories (fiction) are chronological.
Nonfiction has lots of text structures (including chronological).
Passages can switch text structures.

4. Here is a text without a pattern.
Fill the empty egg white shells with the mixture and sprinkle lightly with paprika. Add mayonnaise, mustard powder, vinegar, salt and pepper and mix thoroughly. Cover lightly with plastic wrap and refrigerate for up to one day before serving. Pop out (remove) the egg yolks to a small bowl and mash with a fork. Does it make sense, quickly?

5. Here is the same text with a pattern.
Pop out (remove) the egg yolks to a small bowl and mash with a fork.
Add mayonnaise, mustard powder, vinegar, salt and pepper and mix thoroughly.
Fill the empty egg white shells with the mixture and sprinkle lightly with paprika.
Cover lightly with plastic wrap and refrigerate for up to one day before serving.
Doesn’t it make more sense?

6. We’ll review 6 text structures and learn 6 more
We’ll review 6 text structures and learn 6 more. Each structure has a pattern.

7. Learn to find the pattern and key words, and you’ll better understand the text!

8. “Text Structures” has another name… Organizational Patterns
P.S.
“Text Structures” has another name… Organizational Patterns

9. Text Structures VS. Text Features
Keywords
Patterns of writing
The actual words
Features… (anything extra…)

10. Chronological In order of time Chrono = time
Stories are told chronologically (like a movie)
Moved
Away
Met Boy
Fell in
Love
Born
in 1882
Married
in 1906
Died
in 1948

11. Chronological Key Words: Beginning/First Next/Second/Third
After/Finally/Last
EX: autobiographies, biographies, timelines, history books, news

12. Chronological
Practice: Using your key words, write a chronological paragraph about what you did during recent snow days.
Graded on: use of key words, events in chronological order, complete logical sentences.

13. Explains reasons why something happened.
Cause and Effect
Explains reasons why something happened.
Or explains the effects of something.
Text is not telling
the story of a dog.
Not feeding it.
Many Karate
Schools Opened.
Not petting it.
Why Dog
Ran Away
Lots of Karate Movies in 60’s
Nunchuck sales
Increased 400%
Not loving it.
Hospital cases
went up.

14. Cause and Effect Key Words: Because As a result Consequently
Effects of
Since
If, then
The reason
Thereby

15. Cause and Effect Practice:
Fill in the graphic organizer, beginning with: “Woke up late in the morning”
NOTE: this is MORE THAN CHRONOLOGICAL for a normal day!
Write a paragraph with the info from your graphic organizer using the KEY WORDS for this text structure.
TURN IN!

16. Shows what’s in common and what’s different.
Compare and Contrast
Compare = find similarities Contrast = find differences
Shows what’s in common and what’s different.
Apples &
Oranges
Fruits
Have Seeds
Healthy
Colors
Tastes
Locations

17. Compare and Contrast Key Words: Similarly In contrast Differently
However
Same as
On the other hand
Not only, but also

18. Compare and Contrast Practice:
Analyze the information on the Obamas, the Carters, and the Xis.
Choose two couples to compare/contrast.
Fill in the Venn Diagram.
Write a paragraph using the key words.
Turn in!

19. Sequence / Process / Enumeration
Steps described in the order they occur.
Get bread
Tighten
Laces
Open jars
Tie Loops
Together
Spread peanut butter
Make Two
Loops
Spread jelly
Combine slices
Put on
Shoe
Eat
Does not take place at any specific point in time.

20. Sequence / Process / Enumeration
Key Words:
Enumeration uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc…)
First, next, last, etc…
Or, just show a diagram with the steps

21. Sequence / Process / Enumeration
Practice:
Complete an ENUMERATED list for the process: How to make a/an ________.
Then, write a paragraph using your key words for the same process. Make sure you put everything in the correct order and use key words!
Turn in.

22. Author describes an idea using 5 senses and examples.
Concept Description
Author describes an idea using 5 senses and examples.

23. Tastes like, feels like, etc…
Concept Description
Key Words:
For example
To illustrate
Tastes like, feels like, etc…

24. Concept Description Practice:
Fill in the graphic organizer for Concept Description. Topic: your favorite holiday
Write a paragraph using the info in your graphic organizer.
Turn in!

25. Generalization
When an author groups a bunch of things, people, places, etc…and makes a general statement about all of them based on past experience. “People from the South have accents.”

26. Generalization
Usually, generalizations have a positive connotation. When they have a negative connotation, they are called stereotypes. Ex: “People who like the color red are loud and annoying.”

27. Faulty Generalization
Generalizations can be wrong (faulty).
Based on incorrect info
Based on not enough info
Ex: “Snakes are poisonous.”

28. Generalization vs. Stereotype
Blondes are dumb.
People who study a lot usually do well on tests.
Athletes are cocky.
People who are quiet are shy.
Authors are nerds.
Traffic is frustrating.

29. Generalization
Use specific words to avoid stereotypes (and not group everyone/everything together).
Most
Many
Some
Few
Ex: Some athletes are cocky. (Now it’s not a stereotype!)

30. Classification Put things into categories. Group Sort Match Arrange
Category
Ex: Desserts can be classified in three ways: chocolate, fruit, and seasonal.

31. Spatial Order Based on location. Right/Left Above/Below Next to
Behind/In front

32. Order of Importance
Start with the MOST important and works down or with the LEAST important and works up.
Most
Next
Less
Least
Persuasive writing often uses this text structure

33. Problem and Solution Opinion pieces/editorials. Propose Fix Problem
Answer

34. Induction Specific ideas General Ideas Detail Evidence Reason Because
Therefore
Basically…inferences.

35. Deduction General idea Specific Conclusions If…then Generally Reason
Because
Therefore

36. Starts easy but gets more difficult 
Practice
Starts easy but gets more difficult 
Number 1-10
Read the paragraph
Identify the text structure
Write it down.

37. 1
Deviled Eggs
Pop out (remove) the egg yolks to a small bowl and mash with a fork. Add mayonnaise, mustard powder, vinegar, salt and pepper and mix thoroughly. Fill the empty egg white shells with the mixture and sprinkle lightly with paprika. Cover lightly with plastic wrap and refrigerate for up to one day before serving.

38. 2
Sports at Ericson
There are two popular sports played at Ericson, basketball and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at Ericson. Also, each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and in volleyball, the ball cannot touch the floor or it is out of play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Ericson.

39. 3
The Lazy Student
When Tim woke up, he didn’t want to go to school. His mom took him anyway. So, he went to school, but he didn’t do any work. The days passed, and Tim still didn’t do any work. Mr. Montague called Tim’s house, but Tim still wouldn’t do any work. Finally the report cards came out, and Tim failed his classes. Tim was sad.

40. 4
Failing Classes
Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail because the work is too hard for them. Other times they may fail because they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If you’re not in class you miss a lot. Many students fail classes every quarter.

41. 5
Work Hard
A lot of students have been failing classes. These students wouldn’t be failing classes if they studied more, asked questions, tried harder, and came in for extra help. Even though a lot of students fail classes, they have many options if they want to pass. Generally speaking, most students who work hard will do well and most students who don’t work hard, will not do well.

42. 6
Gail Devers
Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform in the giant stadium and received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t thinking about running. She was hoping that she would be able to walk again.
Just four years earlier, in the summer of 1988, as Devers was training for the Olympic Games, to be held in Seoul, South Korea, she began to feel very tired all the time and failed to make the Olympic finals.

43. Three Types of Circus Clowns7
Three Types of Circus Clowns
There are three categories of circus clowns—whiteface, august and character. Each has a specific makeup style and costume. Each has a typical act as well. They’re all clowns, but they’re all very different.
The neat whiteface is usually a strict, in-charge character who sets up the punch line for the joke with a partner His facial features are neatly detailed in red or black. The august wears light-colored makeup, but white is used around the mouth and eyes, and there’s a big red nose. This clown performs a great deal of slapstick humor. Character clowns perform as different personalities—cowboys, scarecrows, grandmothers or symphony conductors.

44. 8
HOW TO USE THE MICROSCOPE 1. Plug in the lamp. 2. Place a sample of what you wish to observe on a slide. 3. Adjust the mirror so it reflects light from the room up into the objective lens. 4. Place your slide with the specimen directly over the center of the glass circle on the stage. 5. With the LOW POWER objective lens placed over the slide, use the coarse focus knob. 6. Look through the eyepiece with one eye while closing the other eye. 7. Use the fine focus knob to fine

45. 9
Fewer Toads
Though toads are still around, they no longer are as common in some areas as they were a few decades ago. The growing use of insecticides has reduced their numbers. The chemical sprays usually do not harm toads, but cut down the animals’ food supply. Thereby, the toads do not have enough food to survive. There are fewer toads in many areas populated by humans.

46. 10
The 4th of July
The 4th of July is a great American holiday that celebrates our freedom. However, because I hate fireworks (they give me migraines), the fourth of July sounds more like a warzone to me. It smells like gun powder and a hospital. It feels like electricity in the air. It tastes like apple pie and fried chicken (the best thing about it). It looks like a thousand dizzying disco balls all circling at once before I have to go lay down in a dark, quiet room. The fourth of July is like the best and worst of my life: freedom and freedom to go to the doctor after it’s all over.

47. Answers Sequence Compare and Contrast Chronological Cause and Effect
Generalization
Enumeration
Concept Description