1. AIM: SWBAT list reasons we should study plant biology
Please Do Now: Answer the following questions.
When are quizzes in this class?
When are homeworks due in this class?
Come up with 2 things we use plants for.
AIM: SWBAT list reasons we should study plant biology

2. Agenda Do Now Announcements Housekeeping type stuff
Botany Bowl
HW Passes
Notebook
Powerpoints
How should I be taking notes in plant bio?
Why plant biology?
Cool video
If time, begin evolution review

3. Announcements
Due to a fire in the copy machine, I do not have hard copies of Homework #1 yet
Available online at northsideplant biology.weebly.com
I will have hard copies ASAP

4. Announcements
Please remember to turn in the syllabus/contract that you and your parents have signed
That is your first and easiest homework grade
All work being turned in goes in the bucket

5. What is the Botany-Bowl
A competition between the classes of your subject
The “match” each week will be comparing the average Friday Quiz grade
When a team accumulates 5 “match” victories, the whole class gets a homework pass

6. Speaking of homework passes…
When you ask a real good question or answer a difficult one, I will give you a point.
I will mark this by stamping your notebook.
Keep track of your stamps, 10 of them will earn you a HW pass
The passes can simply be dated and turned in instead of the actual packet.

7. Your Notebook Should have a separate section for the Do Nows
The other section will be reserved for actual notes.
The first thing on the page will be the AIM
You will be taking Cornell notes below that

8. A few notes on Powerpoints
Red text or a red slide means you must copy that material down
Something that is underlined will be an important point or question (more on that later)
I will often put a picture in the powerpoint when I want to see hands up

9. Cornell Notes All pages should be divided the following way
AIM goes at the top
In a thin section on the left will be where you put key points and questions (underlined stuff)
The bulk of your notes will go on the right (stuff in red or on red slides)

10. Cornell Notes
Along the bottom is where you will summarize the notes of the day in your own words
This will help with retention
Will be extremely valuable for college

11. Why study plants?

12. Plants are amazing living organisms
Largest organism (> 100m)
Largest flower (~ 1m)
The largest tree, General Sherman, is much larger than the largest animal, the blue whale.
For more botanical record breakers see
Rafflesia arnoldii Photo by ma_suska
Pinus longaeva – bristle cone pine
Sequoiadendron giganteum - giant sequoia
Longest living (~ 5000 years)
Photo credits: ma_suska; Bradluke22; Stan Shebs

13. We could not live without plants
Plants produce most of the oxygen we breathe.
Plants produce most of the chemically stored energy we consume as food and burn for fuel.
Plants produce an amazing assortment of useful chemicals.

14. We can’t live without oxygen!
NO oxygen
Joseph Priestley recognized that an animal’s breathing “injured” air. An animal kept in a sealed container would eventually pass out. X
In a celebrated experiment from 1772, Joseph Priestley kept a mouse in a jar of air until it collapse because of a lack of oxygen. He found that a mouse kept with a plant would survive.

15. We can’t live without oxygen!
produced
Priestley also recognized that plants have the ability to “restore” the air. We now know that they produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.
In a celebrated experiment from 1772, Joseph Priestley kept a mouse in a jar of air until it collapse because of a lack of oxygen. He found that a mouse kept with a plant would survive.

16. Plants fix carbon dioxide into energy- rich molecules we animals can use as food
CO2
Plants convert CO2 gas into sugars through the process of photosynthesis.
They are the producers in almost all ecosystems

17. Plants can produce an amazing assortment of chemicals
CO2
vitamin A
vitamin C
vanillin
caffeine
morphine

18. Studying about plants informs us about our world
Cells were first observed in plants.
biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Labs/Cell_Biology/Cells_Lab/CELLS.htm
Photograph of cork cells
Drawing of cork by Robert Hooke, discover of “cells”
Photo credit: ©David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D

19. Viruses were first purified from plants
Viruses infect humans as well as plants, causing many diseases including AIDS, hepatitis, SARS, swine flu, cervical cancer, chicken pox, and polio.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(Copyright) 1994 Rothamsted Research.
Image Copyright 1994 Rothamsted Research.

20. Mendel’s studies of peas revealed the laws of inheritance
...which help us understand human diseases such as sickle cell anemia...

21. Why study plants? Most important reason… to figure out how to feed everybody

22. The world population grows and grows ...
The world population is expected to triple between 1950 (2.5 billion) and 2020 (7.5 billion)

23. The world population grows and grows ...
A major objective of plant science is to increase food production; current estimates indicate that we need to increase production by 70% in the next 40 years.

24. Malnutrition and hunger disproportionately kill children
In 2004, 60 million people worldwide died.
(Source:  World Health Organization, 2008)

25. Malnutrition and hunger disproportionately kill children
10,000,000 of them were children under 5 years of age,
of which 99% lived in low- or middle-income countries
(Source: The State of the World's Children, UNICEF, 2007)

26. Malnutrition and hunger disproportionately kill children
5 million children under the age of 5 die each year due to undernutrition and related causes.
That’s one preschool-aged child dying a preventable death every six seconds.

27. Malnutrition and hunger disproportionately kill children
A lack of adequate vitamin A kills one million children a year.
(Source: Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency, A Global Progress Report, UNICEF)

28. Globally, more than one billion people per year are chronically hungry
That’s more than the total population of the USA, Canada and the EU.
(Source: FAO news release, 19 June 2009)

29. More than two billion people per year are chronically anemic due to iron deficiency
That’s about the total population of the USA, Canada, the EU, and China.
(Source:  World Health Organization, WHO Global Database on Anaemia)

30. What can scientists do about this?

31. Plant scientists can contribute to the alleviation of hunger
By developing plants that
are drought or stress tolerant
require less fertilizer or water
are resistant to pathogens
are more nutritious

32. Plant growth is often limited by drought stress
Image source: IWMI

33. Drought stress is compounded by increased global temperatures
Temperature change forecast period, relative to the period.
In warm regions, crop yields can drop ~3 – 5% with every 1°C increase in temperature.
© European Communities, Image Source: The PESETA Project

34. Plant biologists study ways to keep plants fresh after harvesting
Post-harvest losses can ruin 50% or more of a grain harvest.
Greening along with solanine production can occur in improperly stored potatoes. Solanine is harmful and can be toxic in large quantities.
Aspergillus mold growing on corn kernels.
Photo credits: Dr. C.M. Christensen, Univ. of Minnesota.; WSU; Pavalista, A.D. 2001

35. Improved nutrient content in plants can help alleviate malnutrition
Hunger
Subsistence level diets are usually nutrient-poor. Our bodies need vitamins and minerals as well as calories. Malnutrition is primarily a disease of poverty.
Vitamin A deficiency
Anemia (young children)
For permissions
Image sources: Petaholmes based on WHO data; WHO

36. The practice of fortifying foods with vitamins (such as folate and vitamin A) and micronutrients (such as iron, zinc, and iodine) has dramatically reduced malnutrition in much of the world.
Photo credit: © UNICEF/NYHQ /Giacomo Pirozzi

37. Genetically biofortified foods
Iron-enriched rice
Wild-type (top) and antioxidant-enriched tomatoes
Vitamin A–enriched rice ()
Photo credits: Golden Rice Humanitarian Board © 2007; Credit: ETH Zurich / Christof Sautter; Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers, Ltd: Butelli, E., et al., Nature Biotechnology 26, copyright (2008).

38. Plants provide us with more than food
are sources of novel therapeutic drugs
provide better fibers for paper or fabric
are sources of biorenewable products
provide renewable energy sources
Photo credit: tom donald

39. Plants produce hundreds of compounds we use as medicines or drugs
Willow (Salix) bark as a source of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) as a source of digitalis (treatment for cardiac problems)
Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) as a source of taxol (treatment for cancer)
Coffee (Coffea arabica) and tea (Camellia sinensis) as sources of caffeine (stimulant)

40. Malaria kills millions of people
The regions of the world with highest risk for malaria.
Citation: Hay SI, Guerra CA, Gething
PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, et al. (2009) A
world malaria map: Plasmodium
falciparum endemicity in PLoS
Med 6(3): e doi: /
journal.pmed
Hay, S.I., et al., (2009) PLoS Med 6(3): e doi: / journal.pmed

41. The protozoan Plasmodium causes malaria
Plasmodium inside a mouse cell
Image by Ute Frevert; false color by Margaret Shear. Frevert U, Engelmann S, Zougbédé S, Stange J, Ng B, et al. (2005) Intravital Observation of Plasmodium berghei Sporozoite Infection of the Liver. PLoS Biol 3(6): e192.
Image by Ute Frevert; false color by Margaret Shear.

42. Cinchona tree bark contains a compound, quinine, that kills Plasmodium
But Plasmodium are developing resistances to quinine, so other sources of anti-malarial compounds must be found.
Plasmodia are developing resistances to quinine, so other sources of antimalerial compounds must be found
(Cinchona calisaya Wedd., quinine) from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte : Atlas zur Pharmacopoea germanica Franz Eugen Köhler
Plate from "Quinologie", Paris, 1854, showing bark of Quinquina calisaya (
Image credits: Köhler; CDC

43. Plant cell walls provide important durable materials
Wood is primarily composed of plant cell walls.
Photo credit: tom donald

44. Cell walls
Primary plant cell walls are composed mainly of carbohydrates and proteins.
Some cells produce a rigid secondary wall that incorporates lignin, an insoluble cross-linking compound.
Photo credit: Zhong, R., et al., (2008) Plant Cell 20:

45. Wood and fibers are everywhere
Clothing made from plant fibers (cotton, linen)
Plant fibers are used for making paper, and before that papyrus.
Painting canvas is made from flax or hemp fibers.
Wood is used for buildings and furniture.
Rembrandt van Rijn (1631)

46. Plants provide fibers for paper and fabric
Cotton is being bred for increased pest resistance and better fiber production.
Photo credits: Chen Lab; IFPC

47. The genome sequence of poplar, a source of fiber for paper, was recently completed
This information is being used to improve the efficiency of paper production.
Photo credit: ChmlTech.com

48. Plants can replace petroleum for many products and purposes
Unfortunately, it takes millions and millions of years to convert dead organic material into petroleum...and we are running out of it.
Petroleum is NOT a renewable resource
creativecartoons.org.

49. Plants can be a source of biofuels
Sugars, starches and cellulose can be fermented into ethanol
Energy from sunlight
Image source: Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

50. Plants can be a source of biodiesel
Biodiesel produced from rape, algae and soybeans are replacing petroleum-derived diesel.
Image sources: Tilo Hauke, University of Minnesota, Iowa State University Extension.

51. Bioenergy crops should not affect food production or prices
Miscanthus giganteus is a fast growing perennial bioenergy crop that grows on land unsuitable for food production.
Photo Illustration courtesy S. Long Lab, University of Illinois, 2006

52. Cell walls from corn stalks and other agricultural residue
Ethanol isolated from cell wall cellulose is an important energy source
Cell walls from corn stalks and other agricultural residue
Ethanol
Image source: Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

53. Plants can be sources of biorenewable and biodegradable resources
Energy from sunlight
Produce plastics from renewable plant material
Photo Illustration courtesy S. Long Lab, University of Illinois, 2006

54. Plants can be sources of biorenewable and biodegradable resources
Energy from sunlight
Scientists are investigating cost-effective ways to convert plants into plastics.
Biodegradation
Photo Illustration courtesy S. Long Lab, University of Illinois, 2006

55. Why study plants?
TAKE AWAY: Plants are the most important source of the resources that keep us fed, healthy, sheltered, and clothed.