1. States of Matter Matter commonly occurs in one of three “states”
Solid
Liquid
Gas
There are two others
Plasma (very hot)
Bose-Einstein condensate (very cold)

2. Solids
Solids have
A definite shape
A definite volume
The shape of a solid is not dependent on a “container”
The volume of a solid does not change

3. Liquids Liquids have Liquids take on the shape of their container
A variable shape
A definite volume
Liquids take on the shape of their container
The volume of a liquid does not change

4. Gases Gases have Gases take on the shape of their container
A variable shape
A variable volume
Gases take on the shape of their container
Gases expand their volume to completely fill their containers

5. The Kinetic Theory of Matter
All particles of matter are in constant motion
There are forces of attraction between particles
The strength of the attraction decreases as the speed of the particles increases
Fast-moving particles bounce around and collide
Medium-moving particles touch but slide around
Slow-moving particles vibrate in place
The temperature of a material is directly related to the average speed of its particle motion

6. Kinetic Theory - visually

7. Phase Changes
The processes by which matter changes from one state to another
Melting/ freezing
Vaporization/ condensation
Sublimation/ deposition

8. Temperature in Phase Changes
The temperature of a substance does not change during a phase change (even though thermal energy is being added or removed)

9. Energy in Phase Changes
Energy (thermal) is either absorbed or released during a phase change
Endothermic – absorbs energy (substance is heated)
Exothermic – releases energy (substance is cooled)

10. Solid-Liquid-Solid Melting Freezing Solid to liquid Absorbs energy
Liquid to solid
Releases energy

11. Liquid-Gas-Liquid Vaporization Condensation Liquid to gas
Absorbs energy
Evaporation
Below boiling point
At surface of liquid
Boiling
At boiling point
Within/throughout the liquid
Condensation
Gas to liquid
Releases energy

12. Solid-Gas-Solid Sublimation Deposition Solid to gas Absorbs energy
Gas to solid
Releases energy

13. Putting It All Together

14. Transferring Thermal Energy
Thermal energy can be transferred from one object to another object in three ways:
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Thermal energy is ALWAYS transferred
from the object that has more thermal energy
to the object that has less thermal energy
Thermal energy flows from hot things to cold things as long as there is a difference in temperature

15. Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by electro-magnetic waves
We commonly experience this with infrared and visible light

16. Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy by the direct interaction of atoms
This requires that the objects be in physical contact with one another

17. Convection
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a heated material
This often results in circular movement patterns called convection cells