1. KINETIC THEORY
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2. KINETIC THEORY
Kinetic Theory states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion.
Kinetic refers to motion
Helps you understand the behavior of solid, liquid, and gas atoms/molecules as well as the physical properties

3. KINETIC THEORY 3 Principles of Kinetic Theory
All matter is made of tiny particles (atoms)
These particles are in constant motion
When particles collide with each other or the container, the collisions are perfectly elastic (no energy is lost)

4. STATES OF MATTER States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

5. SOLIDS Particles are tightly packed and close together
Particles do move but not very much
Definite shape and definite volume (because particles are packed closely and do not move)
Most solids are crystals
Crystals are made of repeating patterns
The shape of a crystal reflects the arrangement of the particles within the solid

6. LIQUIDS Particles are spread apart
Particles move slowly through a container
No definite shape but do have a definite volume
Flow from one container to another
Viscosity – resistance of a liquid to flowing
Honey – high viscosity
Water – low viscosity
chemed.chem.purdue.edu/.../graphics

7. GASES Particles are very far apart Particles move very fast
No definite shape and No definite volume

8. PLASMA Particles are extremely far apart Particles move extremely fast
Only exists above 3000 degrees Celsius
Basically, plasma is a hot gas
When particles collide, they break apart into protons, neutrons, and electrons
Occurs naturally on the sun and stars

9. TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles.
3 Units for Temperature:
Celsius
Fahrenheit
Kelvin
Has an absolute zero
Absolute lowest possible temperature
All particles would completely stop moving

10. KINETIC ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE
Speed of Gases
Example 1: If CH4 and NH3 are both at 284 K, which gas has a greater speed?
Step One: Add up the mass of each gas using the periodic table.
Step Two: The lighter gas moves faster (think about a race between a 100-pound man and a 700-pound man, the lighter man would move faster)
Example 2: Which gas has a faster speed between Br2 and CO2 if both are at 32°F?

11. MEASURING PRESSURE Manometers: Open Manometers: Closed Manometer:
Measure pressure
2 kinds: open and closed
Open Manometers:
Compare gas pressure to air pressure
Example: tire gauge
Closed Manometer:
Directly measure the pressure (no comparison)
Example: barometer

12. KINETIC ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE
Matter is made of particles in motion
Particles have kinetic energy
KE = (mv2)/2 OR
KE = (ma)/2
Kinetic Energy is measured in Joules
1 J = 1kg•m2/s2
The mass must be in kg
The velocity must be in m/s OR acceleration must be in m2/s2

13. KINETIC ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE
Calculate the KE of a car with a mass of 1500 kg and a speed of 50 m/s
Calculate the KE of a car with a mass of 6780 grams and a speed of 36 km/h

14. PHASE DIAGRAMS
A diagram showing the conditions at which substance exists as a solid, liquid, or vapor
Shows the temperature and pressure required for the 3 states of matter to exist
Conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases exist in equilibrium are indicated on a phase diagram by a line separating the phases
Draw the phase diagram for water