1. Immunology

2. Helpful Hints
Don’t read your book during the courses, thinking is more immportant.
Think, rather than memorize
Understanding the concepts is not optional
Test questions are based on concepts
Ask questions
Don’t wait until the last minute to study for the exam
Check the website

3. What is immunity? Distinguishes “self” from “non-self”
Danger Hypothesis
“Protection” from infection, tumors, etc.
A response that may result in host tissue damage

4. The Beginning of Immunology
Edward Jenner discovered that cowpox vaccination protected against smallpox in Officially eradicated in 1979.

5. Two types of immunity Innate immunity (not antigen-specific)
Anatomical barriers
Mechanical
Biochemical
Non-specific (eg. Low pH in stomach)
Receptor-driven (eg. PAMP-recognition)
Adaptive immunity (antigen-specific)
Receptor-driven
Pre-existing clones programmed to make a specific immune response (humoral/cellular)

6. Antigen
A substance (antigen) that is capable of reacting with the products of a specific immune response, e.g., antibody or specific sensitized T-lymphocytes.
A “self” component may be considered an antigen even though one does not generally make immune responses against those components.

7. Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
Immune response is highly specific for the antigen that triggered it.
Receptors on surface of immune cells have same specificity as the antibody/effector activity that will be generated
Exposure to antigen creates an immunologic “memory.”
Due to clonal expansion and creation of a large pool of cells committed to that antigen
Subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in a rapid and vigorous response

8. What happens upon antigen exposure?
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Virgin lymphocyte pool
PRIMARY RESPONSE
effector cells
memory cell pool
SECONDARY RESPONSE
Exposure to Antigen
(Naturally-acquired or artificial)
effector cells
memory cell pool
Activated T lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Regulatory
Cytotoxic
Antibodies

9. What are the effector functions?
Antibody-Mediated
Ways to Destroy the Target
Complement activation
Agglutination
Neutralization
Mask receptors
Antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Opsonization and phagocytosis
Cell-Mediated
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte
Natural Killer Cells
Antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

10. B cells make antibodies CD8+ killer T cells kill infected host cells
CD4+ helper
T cells
sustain responses
CD8+ killer
T cells
kill infected
host cells

11. The Adaptive Response is a “Two-Edged Sword”
Protection
Damage to the host (hypersensitivities)
Allergies
Cell and tissue damage due to autoimmunity

12. Hypersensitivity Reactions
When a good response goes terribly wrong
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Reactions that are detrimental to the host
Autoimmunity
Atypical immune responses (allergies)
Inability to eliminate a pathogen (granulomas)
The tissues become a carrier for a hapten (poison ivy, nickel, penicillin
Rejection of transplanted tissues

13. The products of the immune response may be used
To diagnose disease
To monitor disease progress
As reagents in assays to detect and quantify other substances

14. Components of the immune system

15. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune system is a bodywide network of cells and organs that has evolved to defend the body against attacks by "foreign" invaders
 The proper targets of the immune defenses are infectious organisms –
Bacteria such as these streptococci;
 Fungi
 Parasites, including these worm-like microbes that cause schistosomiasis
 Viruses such as this herpes virus

16. Cells involved in immunity
platelets
eosinophil
megakaryocyte
T Lymphocyte
Pluripotent
hematopoietic
stem cell
neutrophil
B Lymphocyte
common lymphoid progenitor
basophil
common myeloid progenitor
Study Guide
Can you describe the major classes of cells involved in immunity?
Which cells are considered mononuclear leukocytes?
What is the relationship between the monocyte and the macrophage?
What is the relationship between the B-cell and the plasma cell?
plasma cell
mast cell
Natural
Killer cell
monocyte
macrophage

19. Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are a class of white blood cells that bear variable cell surface receptors for antigens. There are two main classes of lymphocytes- B and T cells-which mediate humoral and cellular immunity respectively.

21. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (or Granulocytes)
Where is that stuff?
Blood
Serum or Plasma
Leukocytes, Platelets and RBC
Mononuclear Cells
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (or Granulocytes)
Serum Proteins
Immunoglobulins
Complement
Clotting factors
Many others
Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells & NK cells)
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

22. Lymphoid Organs Primary or central lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus
where lymphocytes are generated
Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs
where adaptive immune responses are initiated

23. Distribution of Lymphoid Tissues

24. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
Will be discussed in the Spring Salivary Gland Course

25. What’s the bottom line?
Innate immunity is a function of anatomical, mechanical and biochemical factors.
No requirement for prior exposure/memory
Biochemical response may involve pattern recognition
Lacks the specificity of the adaptive immune system
Adaptive immune system recognizes foreign agents via receptors and develops memory.
Triggering the adaptive immune response results in activated T cells and antibodies specific for the substance (antigen) that triggered it.
Antibodies react with antigen
Block or neutralize
Activate complement system
Bind to Fc receptors on cells providing specificity to the effector activity of those cells
Activated T cells
Cytotoxic against foreign agent (tumor cell, transplant, virus-infected cell)
May influence other cells (Helper/Suppressor T cells, cytokines)

26. Host Defense Defense Mechanisms Inborn independent of previous
experience
Innate
after natural
exposure to a foreign
agent
Active
Defense
Mechanisms
Naturally
acquired
Passive
placental transfer
Adoptive
immune cells in
colostrum
immune cells in
colostrum
Acquired
Study Guide
What is immunity?
What distinguishes the various types of immunity?
What is the difference between "innate" and "adaptive" immunity
Active
Specific
immunization
Artificially
acquired
Passive
administration of
preformed antibodies
Adoptive
Bone marrow
transplant

27. Subsequent lectures Immunoglobulin structure
Antibody/antigen reactions
T cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
Innate immunity
Hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmunity
Tumorimmunity