1. How to Convert Pictures into Numbers
Digitizing Pictures
How to Convert Pictures into Numbers

2. Digitizing Pictures
We already know how to represent numbers in binary.
Divide the picture into very small squares (pixels) and determine the color of each pixel.
Pixel: a “picture element”—a dot
Assign a number to each color and use the binary representation of that number and you are done!

3. Digitizing Pictures: Options
Two things affect picture quality:
Resolution: number/size of pixels
More pixels = more numbers = more memory.
Number of colors:
More colors = more numbers = more memory.

4. Elvis Line Art 100%
This is a picture of Elvis made up of only 2 colors: black and white.

5. Same picture at 800%. Each pixel is outlined in black.
Elvis Line Art 800%
Same picture at 800%. Each pixel is outlined in black.

6. Same picture at 1600%. Pixel structure is obvious.
Elvis Line Art 1600%
Same picture at 1600%. Pixel structure is obvious.

7. Elvis as zeros and ones:
Same picture at 1600%. Pixel structure is obvious.
You can actually see the eye!.

8. Elvis Gray Scale (256 shades)
Same picture in “gray scale” – 256 shades of gray. Each pixel is represented by an 8-bit number in the range from 0 [black] to 255 [white]. Note the shades of gray.

9. Gray Scale

10. Elvis Gray Scale 800%

11. Elvis Gray Scale 1600%

12. Elvis 8-bit color (GIF)
Elvis in 8-bit color. Skin colors are not as smooth as with 24-bit color.

13. Elvis 8-bit color 800%
Same picture at 800%.

14. Elvis 8-bit color 1600%
Same picture at 1600%.

15. Elvis 24-bit color 100%
Same picture in 24-bit color: 8 bits for red, 8 bits for green, and 8 bits for blue. Total possible colors is 256 x 256 x 256, or over 16 million. Also called “True Color”. Gives photo-quality displays.
True Color: 24-bits, 16 million colors

16. Elvis 24-bit color 800%
Same picture at 800%. Pixels are outlined in black.

17. Elvis 24-bit color 1600%
Same picture at 1600%. Pixel structure is obvious.

18. Graphic Memory Requirements
16 million colors:
Elvis 24-bit color BMP 127 KB (each pixel is represented by 3 bytes – no compression)
Elvis 24-bit color JPG 16 KB (each pixel is represented by 3 bytes, but with “lossy” compression).
Lossy compression: the picture viewed is not the same pixels as the original. Pixels have been lost.

19. Lossy Compression
Original After 40 saves

20. Graphic Memory Requirements
256 colors:
Elvis 8-bit color BMP 44 KB (each pixel is represented by a single byte, no compression)
Elvis 8-bit color GIF 37 KB (each pixel is represented by a single byte, with “lossless” compression)
Lossless compression: the picture is compressed, but when viewed, all of the original pixels are there.

21. Side-by-side comparison
2 colors shades colors M colors
of gray

22. 24-bit (top) vs. 8-bit color

23. ` 24-bit color 8-bit color Gray scale 1-bit line art
Comparison:
` bit color bit color Gray scale bit line art

24. Conclusion: Pictures look better if you have:
More pixels (higher resolution)
This requires more memory.
More colors

25. Paint.NET Paint.NET is an open-source image editor
Web site:

26. The End