1. Damnatio ad bestias, ad flammas, crematio
Carnnifex/confector
Noxius/noxii
Cruciarius/cruciarii
Maiestas
Talio
167 Aemilius Paullus
146 Scipio Africanus the Younger
Thecla
Perpetua
Polycarp

3. Damnatio ad bestias (3rd century CE mosaic, El Djem, Tunisia)

4. Damnatio ad bestias (same mosaic as previous slide)

6. Mucius Scaevola (Martial 8.30 & 10.25)

7. Orpheus (Martial)

8. Pasiphae (Roman wall painting, 1st century CE)

9. Hercules

10. Attis

11. The Christian Martyrs’ Last Prayer (J-L Gerome, 1883) (this is so not how it went)

12. Christian executed as Dirce (Henryk Siemiradzi, 1897)

13. Dirce and the bull
(Pompeian fresco; 1st century CE)

14. Thecla and Paul (6th century CE fresco, Ephesus)

15. Thecla and the wild beasts
(5th century CE

16. St Perpetua et al (fresco, 10th century CE)