1. Origin of Life
Biogenesis – Principle that says all living things come from other living things
We know this now… but it hasn’t always been that way
Spontaneous Generation – Theory from the early 1600’s stating that living things could also arise from nonliving things
(Example: Maggots appear on rotting meat)
The debate was solved by several great experimenters!

2. Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi ( )
Noticed adult flies producing ‘oval cases’ from which new flies eventually arose
1668 controlled experiment (supports biogenesis)
Louis Pasteur ( )
Different experiment, but same conclusion
Modification of Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment (monitors microorganismal growth)

3. The FIRST ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Life comes from life, comes from life, comes from… ?
Miller and Urey created an apparatus (1953) to mimic the early atmosphere of Earth as proposed by Oparin (1923)
A mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor was energized, then condensed
A ‘scum’ was extracted and found to contain AMINO ACIDS

4. Change over Time FACT: The planet Earth is extremely old
4.6 billion years ago – our planet was formed
3.9 billion years ago – oceans formed
3.5 billion years ago – we have evidence of life!
FACT: The organisms that existed then are different from those that live today
EVOLUTION – A scientific theory that says
species change over time
QUESTION: In science, when do we say that a hypothesis is proven?
DEFINITION: Theory – the status of a hypothesis when it has been supported by a large amount of evidence

5. EVIDENCE for EVOLUTION
The Fossil Record
Structural Similarities
Vestigial Structures
Embryonic Development

6. THE FOSSIL RECORD FOSSILS CAN BE DATED: Relative Absolute
A fossil is an imprint/trace of a long-dead organism (usually found in sedimentary rock)
FOSSILS CAN BE DATED:
Relative
Molds found in lower layers of rock are older
Absolute
Radiometric dating (example: carbon-dating)
THE FOSSIL RECORD (a time scale for the entire history of life on our planet) indicates that over time, organisms of increasing complexity appeared on earth

7. Radiocarbon Dating
Laboratory

9. Structural Similarities
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
Anatomical features found in different species that show the same relative structure, indicating common ancestry
EXAMPLE: Forearms in the bat, penguin, human, and alligator
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
Anatomical features found in different species that serve similar functions but have different structures
EXAMPLE: Wings of moths and wings of birds

11. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES EXAMPLES: - Human tailbone
An anatomical feature that is present in an organism, but (now) serves no useful purpose
EXAMPLES: - Human tailbone
- Pelvic bones in whales

12. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Showing physical similarities during embryonic development (between conception and birth)
These similarities usually disappear before birth
EXAMPLE:
All vertebrates possess a tail and gill slits at some time during development

13. Theories of EVOLUTION
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
( )
French Scientist
1809 – “the inheritance of acquired characteristics”
* NO EVIDENCE *
Lamarck put forward the idea that traits would be changed/modified based on a conscious use or disuse, and that this modified trait would be passed on
- Slithering salamander
- Neck stretching giraffes

15. Theories of EVOLUTION Charles Darwin (1809-1882) British Scientist
Theory of NATURAL SELECTION
Explained in his 1859 book…
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
* Independently proposed at the same time by Alfred Wallace ( )*
H.M.S. Beagle voyage
Mapping and collecting expedition
Studied finches of the Galapagos Islands (off the coast of South America)

17. The Finches of the Galapagos
Darwin saw 13 separate, yet similar species of finches
The species only differed in their beak shapes and the types of food they ate
Darwin believed that a single finch species coming from South America could have inhabited the islands, diverging into the 13 different species

18. NATURAL SELECTION Resources are limited
A struggle/competition for survival results
There is variation within a species
(some individuals have traits better suited for survival)
Those individuals most FIT are able to…
survive and reproduce
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Favorable traits are passed down through the generations
Over time, a population adapts to the environment

19. Human Adaptation: THE OPPOSABLE THUMB
An adaptation is some modified feature of an organism which increases its fitness, helping it to survive and reproduce
Saddle Joint – Only location in the body
Prehensile – Able to grasp/hold

20. Patterns of EVOLUTION Coevolution
One species evolves in response to another
Predator-prey, host-parasite
Convergent Evolution
Two different species become more alike
EXAMPLE: Shark (fish) and Dolphin (mammal)
Divergent Evolution
Two related species become more and more dissimilar
Adaptive Radiation: 1 species → MANY species (finches!)
Speciation: the process by which new species arise
Often caused by geographic isolation between populations

22. EVIDENCE for ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Theory of Dr. Lynn Margulis ( )
RECALL: It is thought that the first life forms on earth were unicellular bacteria (prokaryotes)
EVIDENCE:
Chloroplast and mitochondrion structure
Both have their own DNA
Both reproduce independently
Both have a double membrane

23. Eventually, these two organisms began to live cooperatively
ENDOSYMBIOSIS says…
Large, unicellular prokaryotic organisms were invaded by smaller unicellular prokaryotes
Eventually, these two organisms began to live cooperatively
The smaller cells gave rise to the mitochondria and chloroplasts that we see inside cells today

25. Kettlewell and the Peppered Moth
Setting: Manchester, England - Mid 1800’s
Before the industrial revolution, the tree trunks in the forest were light-colored
Most of the peppered moths in the area were also light-colored
As the industrial revolution progressed, the trunks became covered with soot and got darker
THE MOTHS EVOLVED !!!
The naturally darker moths were better equipped to survive in the new environment
They survived and reproduced
Industrial Melanism: The genetic darkening of a species (through evolution) in response to pollution

26. Before Pollution After Pollution

27. Are Humans Still Evolving?

28. Group Task:
Create a concept map for our study of ‘evolution’
Your concept map must connect and explain (at least) the following terms:
Evolution
Darwin
Lamarck
Natural Selection
Acquired Characteristics
Fossil Record
Half Life
Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Structures
Embryology
Adaptation
Convergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution
Coevolution
Endosymbiosis
Industrial Melanism