1. 7.1 Substitution reactions
One group of atoms is replaced with another
Generic example
Specific example
Label the nucleophile and electrophile
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2. 7.1 Substitution reactions
Which side do you think will be favored in the dynamic equilibrium? WHY?
Draw a reaction coordinate diagram that illustrates your equilibrium prediction
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3. 7.1 Substitution reactions
During the substitution, one group ATTACKS and one group LEAVES. Can you label them in the reaction?
A leaving group always takes a pair of electrons with it.
In the reaction below, fill in arrows to show the mechanism and label the leaving group.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4. 7.1 Substitution reactions
To encourage substitution a good leaving group must fulfill two criteria:
The electronegative leaving group creates a partial charge on the site of attack to attract the negative charge of the nucleophile
The Leaving Group must be able to stabilize the electrons it leaves with
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

5. 7.1 Substitution reactions
Can you give some examples of groups of atoms that qualify as good leaving groups according to the two key criteria?
Create a positive charge to attract the nucleophile.
Be able to stabilize the electrons it leaves with
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

6. 7.2 Alkyl Halides
Alkyl halides are compounds where a carbon group (alkyl) is bonded to a halide (F, Cl, Br, or I)
Recall from section 4.2 the steps we use to name a molecule
Identify and name the parent chain
Identify the name of the substituents
Assign a locant (number) to each substituents
Assemble the name alphabetically
The halide group is the key substituent we will name and locate
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7. 7.2 Alkyl Halide Nomenclature
For each of these examples, convince yourself that they are numbered in the most appropriate way.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

8. 7.2 Alkyl Halide Nomenclature
Some simple molecules are also recognized by their common names.
the alkyl group is named
as the substituent, and
the halide is treated as
the parent name
Methylene chloride is a commonly used organic solvent
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

9. 7.2 Alkyl Halide Nomenclature
Give reasonable names for the following molecules
Try more examples with conceptual checkpoint 7.1
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

10. 7.2 Alkyl Halide Structure
Greek letters are often used to label the carbons of the alkyl group attached to the halide
Substitutions occur at the alpha carbon
WHY?
The amount of branching at the alpha carbon affects the reaction mechanism. There are three types of alkyl halides
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

11. 7.2 Alkyl Halide Structure
Some alkyl halides are used as insecticides. For the insecticides below…
Label each halide as either primary, secondary, or tertiary
For the circled atoms, label all of the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta carbons.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

12. 7.2 Alkyl Halide Structure
Halides appear in a wide variety of natural products and synthetic compounds
The structure of the molecule determines its function, and functions include…
Insecticides (DDT, etc.)
Dyes (tyrian purple, etc.)
Drugs (anticancer, antidepressants, antimicrobial, etc.)
Food additives (Splenda, etc.)
Many more
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

13. 7.2 Alkyl Halide Structure
HOW does a molecule’s structure affect its function and properties?
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14. 7.3 Substitution Mechanisms
Recall from chapter 6 the FOUR arrow pushing patterns for ionic processes
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15. 7.3 Substitution Mechanisms
Recall from chapter 6 the arrow pushing patterns for ionic processes
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16. 7.3 Substitution Mechanisms
EVERY nucleophilic substitution reaction will involve nucleophilic attack and the loss of a leaving group
The order that these steps occur can vary
The inclusion of a proton transfer or rearrangement can also vary
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

17. 7.3 Substitution Mechanisms
Draw mechanisms for each possibility and critique their likelihood
Nucleophilic attack first then loss of leaving group.
Loss of leaving group first then nucleophilic attack
Both happen simultaneously
Practice arrow pushing with SkillBuilder 7.1
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

18. 7.4 SN2 – a concerted mechanism
How might you write a rate law for this reaction?
How would you design a laboratory experiment to test this mechanism?
Test yourself with conceptual checkpoint 7.6
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

19. 7.4 SN2 – stereochemistry
What do S, N, and 2 stand for in the SN2 name?
How might we use stereochemistry to support the SN2 mechanism for the following reaction?
Practice drawing SN2 reactions with SkillBuilder 7.2
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

20. 7.4 SN2 – backside attack The nucleophile attacks from the back-side
Electron density repels the attacking nucleophile from the front-side
The nucleophile must approach the back-side to allow electrons to flow from the HOMO of the nucleophile to the LUMO of the electrophile.
Proper orbital overlap cannot
occur with front-side attack
because there is a node on
the front-side of the LUMO
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

21. 7.4 SN2 – backside attack
Draw the transition state for the following reaction. Use extended dotted lines to represent bonds breaking and forming sy
Practice drawing transition states with
SkillBuilder 7.3
Transition state symbol
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

22. 7.4 SN2 kinetics
Less sterically hindered electrophiles react more readily under SN2 conditions.
To explain this trend, we must examine the
reaction coordinate diagram
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23. 7.4 SN2 – Rationalizing kinetic data
How do we use the diagram to make a kinetic argument?
How do we use the diagram to make a thermodynamic argument?
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

24. 7.4 SN2 – Rationalizing kinetic data
Which reaction will have the fastest rate of reaction?
WHY?
3° substrates react too slowly to measure.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

25. 7.4 SN2 – Rationalizing kinetic data
An example to consider: neopentyl bromide
Draw the structure of neopentyl bromide
Is neopentyl bromide a primary, secondary, or tertiary alkyl bromide?
Should neopentyl bromide react by an SN2 reaction relatively quickly or relatively slowly? WHY?
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

26. 7.4 SN2 – Rationalizing kinetic data
If you memorize rules, you will probably miss questions about exceptions to rules
It is better to understand the concepts than to memorize rules
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27. 7.5 SN1 – a step-wise mechanism
If kinetic experiments were performed to determine the rate law, you would find that…
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28. 7.5 SN1 – reaction coordinate
A two-step mechanism gives a diagram with two transitions states. Where on the diagram is the intermediate?
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29. 7.5 SN1 – reaction coordinate
What is happening to the molecule in each transition state?
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30. 7.5 SN1 – reaction coordinate
Which step is the RDS and WHY?
Why does the rate depend only on [electrophile] and NOT [nucleophile]?
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

31. 7.5 SN1 – a step-wise mechanism
What do the S, N, and 1 stand for in the SN1 name?
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

32. 7.5 SN1 – SN2 Comparison Consider the following generic SN2 reaction:
If [Nuc:-] were tripled, how would the rate be affected? WHY?
Consider the following generic SN1 reaction:
Practice with Conceptual Checkpoint 7.13
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

33. 7.5 SN1 kinetics
The structure-rate relationship for SN1 is the opposite of what it was for SN2.
To explain this trend, we must examine the mechanism and the reaction coordinate diagram
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

34. 7.5 SN1 – Rationalizing Kinetic Data
A carbocation forms during the mechanism.
Recall that if a carbocation is more substituted with carbon groups, it should be more stable.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

35. 7.5 SN1 – Rationalizing Kinetic Data
HOW do carbon groups stabilize a carbocation?
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

36. 7.5 SN1 – Rationalizing kinetic data
To explain why the 3° substrate will have a faster rate, draw the relevant transition states and intermediates.
Primary substrates react too slowly to measure.
Practice with SkillBuilder 7.4
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

37. 7.5 SN1 – stereochemistry
For the pure SN1 reaction below, predict the product(s). Pay close attention to stereochemistry.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

38. 7.5 SN1 – stereochemistry
The formation of ion pairs can cause inversion to occur slightly more often than retention
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

39. 7.5 SN – stereochemistry Consider the following reaction
What accounts for the 35%/65% product ratio?
Is the reaction reacting more by SN1 or SN2?
What happened to the Cl atom?
Practice with SkillBuilder 7.5
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

40. 7.5 SN – summary
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

41. Study Guide for sections 7.1-7.5
DAY 15, Terms to know:
Sections Substitution reaction, leaving group, alkyl halide, primary, secondary, tertiary, SN2, inversion of stereochemistry, concerted, step-wise, backside attack, SN1, retention of stereochemistry, racemization of stereochemistry, slow step or rate determining step
DAY 15, Specific outcomes and skills that may be tested on exam 3:
Sections
Be able to predict which side of a substitution reaction will be favored based on the stability of products versus reactants and changes in entropy for reactants and products
Be able to correctly draw and label a reaction coordinate diagram for a substitution reaction.
Be able to draw mechanism arrows on a given substitution reaction and label the nucleophile and leaving group.
Be able to describe the key characteristics that make a leaving group GOOD and rank leaving groups in terms of their ability to leave.
Be able to name an alkyl halide using the IUPAC sysem, and be able to draw an alkyl halide from its name.
Be able to identify some specific alkyl halides based on their common names (see slide 7-8)
Be able to identify primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides and be able to identify the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta carbons on the alkyl chain of an alkyl halide.
Be able to draw mechanism arrows for an SN2 reaction and be able to identify a reaction with arrows as either SN2 or SN1.
Be able to write a correct rate law for an SN2 reaction.
Be able to identify an SN2 reaction based on inversion of stereochemistry.
Given reactants and knowing they undergo SN2, be able to predict products with the proper stereochemical configuration.
Be able to draw a reasonable transition state for an SN2 reaction.
Be able to recognize and explain why steric hindrance affects the reaction rate for SN2 reactions.
Be able to recognize and explain why the strength of the nucleophile affects the rate of SN2 reactions.
Be able to draw and label a correct reaction coordinate diagram for any substitution reaction.
Given a reaction coordinate diagram, be able to make both kinetic and thermodynamic arguments about SN2 reactions.
Be able to draw mechanism arrows for an SN1 reaction..
Be able to write a correct rate law for an SN1 reaction.
Be able to identify that the first step of an SN1 reaction is always the slow step and b e able to explain how that affects the rate law of a reation.
Be able to explain how you could run a kinetics experiment in the lab to determine if a substitution reaction were running by SN1 or SN2.
Be able to explain how you could run a stereochemical experiment in the lab to determine if a substitution reaction were running by SN1 or SN2.
Be able to identify an SN1 reaction based on racemization of stereochemistry.
Given reactants and knowing they undergo SN1, be able to predict products with the proper stereochemical configuration.
Be able to draw reasonable transition states for each step of an SN1 reaction.
Be able to recognize and explain why steric hindrance affects the reaction rate for SN1 reactions.
Be able to recognize and explain why carbocation stability affects the rate of SN1 reactions.
Be able to recognize and explain why the quality of the leaving group affects the rate of SN1 reactions.
Given a reaction coordinate diagram, be able to make both kinetic and thermodynamic arguments about SN1 reactions.
Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e

42. Practice Problems for sections 7.1-7.5
Complete these problems outside of class until you are confident you have learned the SKILLS in this section outlined on the study guide and we will review some of them next class period
Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e

43. Prep for Day 16 Must Watch videos: Other helpful videos:
(choosing between SN2 and SN1 )
(substitution in synthesis)
Other helpful videos:
(SN2 versus SN1 solvent effects)
(lecture 24)
Read sections
Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e