1. Prisms, total internal reflection, polarization, how we see color, how vision is corrected and rainbows.

2. Prisms
High frequency light in a transparent medium travels slower than low frequency light (red light travels faster than violet light)
Thus, the different colors are refracted at different angles.
When white light is refracted twice, and the second surface is not parallel to the first, the dispersion is noticeable, thus the colors are observed.
If the two boundaries of the medium are parallel, the refractive effects at the first boundary are reversed at the second boundary.

3. Total Internal Reflection
Light can be reflected off a transparent medium boundary at a certain angle.
This angle is called the critical angle.
                 
Fiber Optics

4. Optical Fibers 29.12 Total Internal Reflection
Optical fibers, sometimes called light pipes, are transparent fibers that pipe light from one place to another.
They do this by a series of total internal reflections.
Optical fibers are useful for getting light to inaccessible places.
Mechanics and machinists use them to look at the interiors of engines, and physicians use them to look inside a patient’s body. 4

5. Total Internal Reflection

6. Total Internal Reflection

7. Polarization of Light
Light consists of waves vibrating in all planes (360o).
A polarizer allows only the light wave along one plane to pass through.
Two polarizers if oriented at right angles will cancel all light.
Glare (reflected light polarized in a plane parallel to a non-metallic surface) is greatly reduced when using polarized lenses.

8. 28.1 The Color Spectrum
When sunlight passes through a prism, it separates into a spectrum of all the colors of the rainbow.
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9. Isaac Newton—discovered that white light is composed of seven different colors of light
Dispersion of white light into component colors
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
White Light
A prism disperses white light into its primary frequencies of color

10.
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11. Prisms http://www.physics.mun.ca/~jjerrett/dispersion/prism.html

12. Rainbows, etc. http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeoacw1/rainbow.html

13. Refraction

14. http://acept. la. asu. edu/PiN/mod/light/opticsnature/pattLight4Obj1