1. For and Against Essays Some guidelines By María Valdés, EOI Mieres
Based on Successful Writing, by Virginia Evans

2. STRUCTURE
Introductory paragraph
Main body
Closing paragraph

3. Introduction Paragraph 1
state topic (summary of the topic without giving your opinion)

4. Main Body
Paragraphs 2 & 3
arguments for & justifications, examples, and/or reasons
Paragraphs 4&5
arguments against & justifications, examples, and/or reasons

5. Conclusion Final paragraph
balanced consideration / your opinion directly or indirectly

6. Points to consider
Before you start writing your essay, make a list of the points for and against.

7. Points to consider
Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence that summarises the topic of the paragraph.
e.g. In addition, many people feel reading is a relaxing and worthwhile activity.

8. Points to consider
Do not use informal style (e.g. short forms, colloquial language, etc)

9. Points to consider
Express your opinion in a non-emotional way (e.g. It seems that, I therefore feel, … etc)

10. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To list points
Firstly
First of all
In the first place
To begin/start with
Secondly, … Thirdly
Finally

11. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To list advantages
One/Another/A further/An additional (major) advantage of … is…
The main/greatest/first advantage of … is...

12. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To list disadvantages
One/Another/A further/An additional (major) disadvantage /drawback of …
The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage/ drawback of …
Another negative aspect of...

13. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To introduce points / arguments for or against:
One (very convincing) point / argument in favour of / against…,
A further common criticism of … / It could be argued that ….
It is often/widely/generally
claimed/suggested
argued/maintained
felt/believed /held
that...

14. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To introduce points / arguments for or against:
some/many/
most people/experts/
scientists / sceptics / critics
claim / suggest / argue / feel that...
maintain / believe / point out / agree / hold that...
advocate (+ing/noun) / support the view that…
oppose the view that...
are
in favour of / against …
of the opinion that / convinced that…
opposed to ...

15. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To add more points to the same topic:
in addition (to this)
furthermore
moreover
besides
apart from
what is more
as well as
not to mention (the fact) that
also
not only… but also / as well
both … and
There is another side to the issue/question/ argument of

16. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To make contrasting points:
on the other hand,
however, still, yet, but, nonetheless, nevertheless, even so,
it may be said / argued / claimed that...
others / many people
oppose this viewpoint
(strongly) disagree …
claim / feel/ believe this argument is incorrect /misguided

17. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To introduce examples:
for example, for instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially,
This is (clearly) illustrated / shown by the fact that…
One / A clear / striking / typical example of (this)...
The fact that … shows / illustrates that...

18. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To emphasise a point
clearly, obviously, naturally, of course, needless to say, indeed
It is obvious...

19. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To express reality:
In fact / Actually / In practice / In effect
The fact (of the matter) is…
It is a fact that

20. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To make general statements:
as a (general) rule
generally
in general
on the whole
by and large
in most cases

21. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To make partially correct statements:
to a certain extent / degree
to some extent / degree
in a way / sense
this is partly true (but)
to a limited extent
there is some truth in (this)
in some cases
up to a point

22. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To explain / clarify a point
in other words
that is to say
this/which means that

23. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To express cause
owing to
due to (the fact that)
given that
because as
since

24. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To express effect:
therefore / thus
as a result / consequence
consequently
for this reason
if …. were to happen, the effect / result would be...

25. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
To express intentions
to / so as to / in order to
so that
with the intention of (+ing)

26. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
Conclusion expressing balanced considerations / opinions indirectly
In conclusion,
On balance,
All things considered,
Taking everything into account / consideration,
To conclude,
To sum up,
All in all,
Finally / Lastly,
it must/can be said/claimed that...
it seems / appears that...
it would seem that...
it is likely/unlikely/possible/foreseeable that…
it is clear / obvious that…
there is no / little doubt that…
the best course of action would be to ...
achieving a balance between … would be…
it is true to say that…
although it must be said that…
it may be concluded/said that...

27. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
Conclusion expressing balanced considerations/ opinions indirectly
All things considered, the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that…
There is no absolute answer to the question of…
In the light of this evidence, it is clear/obvious that...

28. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
Conclusion expressing balanced considerations/ opinions indirectly
In conclusion,
All in all,
To sum up,
it is
clear/apparent
plain/obvious
evident
form the
above
foregoing
evidence
points
arguments

29. Useful expressions and linking words/phrases
Conclusions expressing opinion directly
In conclusion,
On balance,
All things considered,
Taking everything into account / consideration,
To conclude,
To sum up,
All in all,
it is my belief/opinion that…
I (firmly) believe/feel/think that…
I am convinced that…
I am inclined to believe that…
I (do not) agree that / with...
Taking everything into account, I therefore...
For the above-mentioned reasons, therefore, I
conclude/believe/feel (that)...

30. Formal style You should use:
passive voice, impersonal constructions (e.g. It is argued that… ; It is a common belief that…)
formal linking words/phrases (e.g. furthermore, etc)
complex sentences with a variety of links, dependent clauses, etc

31. Formal style You should not use: short forms (e.g. I’m, It’s)
colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs, idioms (e.g. lots of, put up with, be over the moon about…)
simplistic vocabulary (e.g. Experts say they think is bad…)
a series of short sentences (e.g. Many people think so. They are wrong.)
simple linking words (e.g. and, but,...) except for variety