1. 6/11/2018
WEL COME

2. GAYA COLLEGE, GAYA
ASSIGMENT OF IBM
B.Sc - IT ‘Ⅰ’ ( )

3. ASSIGMENT BY ANKUR RAJ
GUIDE BY MRS. BHARTI SINGH

4. CPU
“Central Processor Unit”. The CPU is also known as processor, microprocessor, central processor and the brain of the computer.
The CPU is responsible for interpreting and executing most of the commands from computer’s hardware and software.
A computer can have more than one CPU. That is called multiprocessing. All moderns CPU’s are microprocessor, meaning contain on a single chip.
The CPU of a computer is a piece of hardware that carries out the instruction of a computer program.

5. There are two typical component of a CPU:-
(i) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
(ii) CU (Control Unit)
(i) ALU: The ALU is a part of CPU that performs all arithmetic and logical operation.
(ii) CU: CU extracts (receive) instruction from memory and decodes and execute.

6. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CPU

7. INSTRUCTION: An instruction is a binary pattern designed inside the microprocessor to perform a specific function. In other words, it is actually a command to the microprocessor to perform a given task on specific data.
INSTRUCTION SET: The instruction set, also called instruction set architecture (ISA), is part of a computer that pertains to programming, which is basically machine language. The instruction set provides commands to the processor, to tell it what it needs to do. The instruction set consists of addressing modes, instructions, native data types, registers, memory architecture, interrupt, and exception handling, and external I/O.

8. INSTRUCTION CYCLE: Any program residing in the memory contains a set of instruction that need to be executed by the computer in a sequential manner. This cycle for every instruction is known as the instruction cycle.

9. INSTRUCTION CYCLE STATE DIAGRAM

10. GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROCESSOR AND MEMORY ARCHITECTURE IN A COMPUTER SYSTEM
↑ ↓ ↑↓ → ←
CU ALU
I/O DEVICES
ROM PROM FLASH MEMORY
MAIN MEMORY (RAM)
CACHE MEMORY   |
DECODER
ACCUMULATOR
PCR
GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER IR
MAR
I/O REGISTER
GPR
GPR

11. MEMORY
RAM: “Random Access Memory”. RAM is a temporary memory. It is a type of data storage used in computers that is generally locates on the motherboard. This type of memory is volatile and all information that was stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.

12. There are two main types of RAM:-
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM): DRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM): The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to be refreshed on a regular basis. So SRAM is used as cache memory and has very fast access.

14. ROM: ‘Read Only Memory’
ROM: ‘Read Only Memory’. The Rom contains non-volatile of permanent information. As the name suggest the information contained in this type of memory can only can be read. It cannot be altered or over written. Information is entered into the ROM chip at the time of manufacturing. ROM chip are used for applications, which requires permanent information, for e.g. – a program for the following functionalities of the visual display unit (VDU). A program for controlling the working of washing machine.

15. There are different types of ROM:-
PROM
(Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM
(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory) or Flash Memory

16. PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory is used to record information in the PROM chip. Information once program into the PROM chip is permanent and cannot be changed or erased. The processing of entering information into the PROM chip is known as “burning the PROM”.

17. EPROM: EPROM chips are of two types:- One is in which the data stored and it is erased by exposing the chips for same times to ultra violet light and other one is in which the stored information is erased by using high voltage electric pulses. The terms known as ‘ultra violet erasable programmable read only memory’ (UVEPROM) and second is known as ‘electrically erasable programmable read only memory’ (EEPROM). It is easier ultra information, stored on EPROM. EEPROM is also known as flash memory.

18. EEPROM OR Flash Memory: It is used in many new input output and storage device like USB (universal serial bus), pen drive and mp3 music player.
Flash memory sometimes called flash RAM, which needs that it store information on a silicon chip in a way that does not need power to contain the information in the chip. It can be erased and reprogram in unit of memory called blocks. It is a variation of EEPROM.

19. Cache Memory: The cache memory is the memory which is very nearest to the CPU, all the Recent instructions are stored into the cache memory. The cache memory is attached for storing the input which is given by the user and which is necessary for the CPU to perform a Task. But the capacity of the cache memory is too low in compare to memory and hard disk.

20. Virtual Memory: Virtual memory is a memory management scheme that overcomes there limitation by allowing execution of a process without the need to load the process in memory completely. The process can execute even if it is loaded in the main memory partially.

21. SSD (SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE) SEQUENTIAL ACCESS DEVICE
MAGNETIC TAPE
RANDOM ACCESS DEVICE
MAGNETIC DISK
FLOPPY DISK
HARD DISK
ZIP DISK
DISK PACK
WINCHESTER DISK
OPTICAL DISK
CD ROM
WORM (CD-R)
CD RW
DVD
MEMORY STORAGE DEVICE
FLASH DRIVE
MEMORY CARD

22. REGISTERS
A register is a temporary storage area built into a CPU. Whenever a processor switches over from one process to another process, information about current status of the hold process is saved in the registers.
Memory Buffer Register (MBR): A MBR is the register in a computers processor, or in CPU, that stores the data being transferred to and from the immediate access store. It acts as a buffer allowing the processor and memory units to act independently without being affected by minor differences in operation.

23. Memory Address Register (MAR): It holds the address of the active memory location. It is loaded from program control register when the system reads an instruction from memory.
Memory Data Register (MDR): A register used for holding information (either program words or data words) that is in the process of being transferred from the memory to the control processor.
Status Register (SR): The status register is a hardware register that contain information about the state of the processor. The status registers holding the flags for exceptional conditions that result from operations or events. The status register lets an instruction take action contingent on the outcome of a previous instruction.

24. Program Counter (PC): The register is used to hold the memory address of the next instruction that has to execute in a program. This is to ensure the CPU knows at all times where it has reached, that is able to resume following an execution at the correct point, end that the program is executed correctly.
Instruction Register (IR): This is used to hold the current instruction in the processor while it is being decoded and executed, in order for the speed of the whole execution process to be reduced. This is because the time needed to access the instruction register is much less than continual checking of the memory location itself.

25. BUS
The bus is a medium used to transfer data and controls from one part to other part of computers. Data is normally transferred between main storage and the processor along a device called a bus.
Data Bus: A data bus is a computer subsystem that allows for the transferring of data from one component to another on a motherboard.
A 32-bit data bus can transfer 32-bit of data at one time.
Address Bus: The connections between the CPU and memory which carry the addresses of pieces of data to or from the CPU depending on its need to read or write.
The width of address bus determines the maximum size of memory which the processor can access.

26. Control Bus: The physical connections that carry control information between the CPU and other devices within the computer.
Whereas the data bus carries actual data that is being processed, the control bus carries signals that report the status of various devices.

27. Direct Memory Access (DMA): DMA is a method that allows an input/output device to send or receive data directly to or from the main memory, by passing the CPU to speed up memory operations. The process is managed by a chip known as DMA controller (DMAC).
Interrupt: When a process is executed by the CPU and when a user request for another process then this will create disturbance for the running process. This is called as the Interrupt.

28. There are two types of Interrupt:-
Hardware Interrupt: A hardware interrupt causes the processor to save its state of execution and begin execution of an interrupt handler. These are initiated through the computers interrupt pins by external devices.
Software Interrupt: Interrupt signals initiated by programs are called software interrupts. Software interrupts arise from illegal or erroneous use of an instruction or data.

29. Any data or instruction entered into the computer is known as Input.
COMPUTER INPUT
Any data or instruction entered into the computer is known as Input.
An input device helps to communicate with the computer.
An input device is an electro mechanical device that accepts data from outside world and translates them into from a computer can interpret.

30. Various types of Input devices are:-
Keyboard: Keyboard is the most commonly input device. It is used input device to enter data and instructions into the computer by pressing a set of keys mounted on a keyboard.

31. Pointing Device: A pointing device is an input interface that allows a user to input data to a computer using physical gestures - point, click and drag.
Mouse: Mouse is an input device used to control motion of pointer on screen. A mouse has two or three buttons called left, right and middle button. Buttons are used to perform different functions.

32. Joystick: Joysticks is an input device used to play games on computer
Joystick: Joysticks is an input device used to play games on computer. It is used to control motion of an object quickly in game with the help of a hand held stick. This stick can be moved forward, backward or sideways. This stick is mounted on a ball. When stick is moved then ball is moved and signals are sent to the computer.

33. Light Pen: Light pen is an input device consisting of a special pen that is connected to a computer’s monitor. The user points at the screen with the pen and selects items or chooses commands either by pressing a clip on the side of the light pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen.

34. Scanner: Scanner is a scanning input device
Scanner: Scanner is a scanning input device. It is used to save picture or text in paper into computer memory. It converts picture or text on paper into binary form and saves it in computer memory.

35. Microphone: Microphone is a voice input device used to enter sounds into the computer. We can record sounds in computer with the help of microphone and sound card.
Card Readers: Card reader is an input device that reads flash memory cards. It can be a standalone device that connects to a computer via USB or it may be integrated into a computer, printer or multifunction device.

36. Output device generate two types of Output:-
COMPUTER OUTPUT
The data that has been processed into a useful form is called output.
An output device is an electromechanical device that accepts data from a computer and translates them into a form suitable for use by users.
Output device generate two types of Output:-
Hard-Copy Output: A hard copy output is permanent in nature because it appears on a paper or some material that a user can carry for showing to others or for filing and use later when a user is not using a computer.

37. The device that produce hard-copy Output are:-
Printer: printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

38. Printer generally divided into two types:-
Impact Printer: In this type of printer hammer strikes against the paper through ribbon. Printing quality of impact printer is not good, it create noise while printing. E.g. - dot matrix, daisy wheel etc.

39. Non-Impact Printer: In this type of printer hammer doesn’t strikes against the paper through ribbon. Printing quality of impact printer is good; it doesn’t create noise while printing. E.g. – laser printer, ink jet printer.

40. Plotter: plotter is a output device, which produce high quality graphics in multiple color. Plotter is used to create maps, charts etc on a paper sheet.

41. Soft-Copy Output: A soft-copy output is temporary in nature because it does not appear on a paper or some material that a user can carry for showing to others or for filing and use later when users is not using a computer.
The device that produce soft-copy output are:-
Monitor: Monitor is the most commonly used output device used to display result of processing. It has T.V like screen.

42. Various types of monitor are:-
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor: These monitors employ the CRT technology to create a display. The CRT receives the signals through a cable and the signal is decoded by the display controller which finally appears on a phosphor screen.

43. LED (Light Emitting Diode) Monitor: A LED monitor or LED display is a flat screen, flat panel computer monitor. A LED is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it.

44. Multimedia Projector: multi projector is used to produce computer output on a big screen. These are used in meeting rooms or in class rooms of educational institutes.

45. Speaker: speaker produces sound output
Speaker: speaker produces sound output. We can listen recorded voices, sounds or music with the help of speaker. Speaker produces sound output with the help of sound card.

46. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

47. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8088 MICROPROCESSOR

48. PIN DIAGRAM OF 8086/8088

49. MICROPROCESSOR FAMILIES
In 1971, the first microprocessor, the 4004, developed by Marcian E.Hoff for Intel, was released. It contains the equivalent of 2300 transistors and was a 4 bit processor.

50. 8008(1972), 8080(1974), 8085(1976) microprocessor released by Intel
8008(1972), 8080(1974), 8085(1976) microprocessor released by Intel. It was an 8 bit.

51. 8086(1978), 8088(1979), 80186(1981), 80286(1982) microprocessor released by Intel. It was an 16 bit.

52. 80386(1985), 80486(1989), microprocessor released by Intel
80386(1985), 80486(1989), microprocessor released by Intel. It was an 32 bit.

53. In 1993, Intel Pentium microprocessor released
In 1993, Intel Pentium microprocessor released. At the time it was only available in 60 & 66 MHz version which achieved up to 100 MIPs, with over 3.1 million transistors.

54. In 1995, Intel Pentium Pro microprocessor released
In 1995, Intel Pentium Pro microprocessor released. It achieves 440 MIPs and contains 5.5 million transistors.
In 1997, Intel Pentium II microprocessor released.

55. In 1999, Intel Pentium III microprocessor released.
In 2000, Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor released.

56. IBM 700 SERIES, Vacuum tubes, 1950s
IBM 701 – IBM’s first electronic computer – introduced in 1952.
IBM 702 – Commercial Architecture – introduced in 1953.
IBM 704 – Scientific Architecture – introduced in 1954.
IBM 705 – Commercial Architecture – introduced in 1954.
IBM 709 – Scientific Architecture – introduced in 1958.

57. IBM 7000 SERIES, Transistors, 1960s
IBM 7010 – High end version of IBM 1410 – introduced in 1962.
IBM 7030 – stretch supercomputer – introduced in 1960.
IBM 7040 – Scientific Architecture – introduced in 1963.
IBM 7044 – Scientific Architecture – introduced in 1963.
IBM 7070 – Decimal Architecture – introduced in 1960.
IBM 7072 – Decimal Architecture – introduced in 1962.
IBM 7074 – Decimal Architecture – introduced in 1961.
IBM 7080 – Commercial Architecture – introduced in 1960.
IBM 7090 – Scientific Architecture – introduced in 1959.
IBM 7094 – Scientific Architecture – introduced in 1962.
IBM 7094 Model II / IBM 7094 II – Scientific Architecture – introduced in 1964.

58. The motherboard serves to connect all of the parts of a computer.
The CPU’s, memory, hard disk drive, optical disk drive, video card, sound card, graphics card, network card and other parts are connect to the mother board directly or via cable.
The mother board is a piece or backbone of the computer system.
The mother board is also known as MOBO, MB, Main board, system board and logic board.

62. END