1. Starter
Suggest a two-step synthesis for 3-aminopropanoic acid from 3-bromopropanol.
Suggest a two step synthesis for butanol acid from ethyl butanoate.

2. Organic Synthesis of aromatic compounds
L.O.:
Devise multi-stage synthetic routes for preparing aromatic organic compounds.

4. Structures of benzene and 3-chloronitrobenzene4

5. Converting benzene into nitrobenzene5

6. Chlorination of an aromatic ring6

7. Task:
Propose a retro-synthesis of paracetamol

8. Chirality in pharmaceutical synthesis
Explain that the synthesis of pharmaceuticals often requires the production of a single optical isomer.
Explain that synthetic molecules often contain a mixture of optical isomers, whereas natural molecules often have only one optical isomer.
Explain that the synthesis of a pharmaceutical that is a single optical isomer increases costs, reduces side effects and improves pharmacological activity.
Describe strategies for the synthesis of a pharmaceutical with a single optical isomer.

9. Very potent M3 antagonist.
Clinical candidate for COPD
Task:
Dr Bravo synthesised the above compound as a mixture of enantiomers. In pairs discuss the disadvantages of using the mixture of enantiomers as a clinical candidate for COPD.
In pairs discuss possible solutions to overcome the problems aforementioned.

10. Disadvantages:
One of the enantiomers may have a harmful effect
Larger dose needed. 2)
Purifying the mixture using chiral HPLC
Synthesise a single chiral isomer

11. Modern chiral synthesis
How to prepare a single chiral isomer:
Using enzymes.
Chiral pool synthesis (starting from chiral molecules)
Use transition element complexes.

12. Stereoisomers of thalidomide

13. Pharmacological activity depends on whether or not a drug can interact with a receptor site in a biological system. 13

14. Structure of ibuprofen, used in many medicines to relieve pain14