1. SAGE 2016 GPR

2. MOST COMMON GPR SURVEY METHOD

3. IDEALIZED GPR RESPONSE

4. Noggin Configurations
SmartHandle
SmartCart
SmartTow

7. Received power is determined by losses due to:
RADAR PRINCIPLES
Radar system performance (Q) is ratio of transmitted power (Pt) to receiver noise floor power (Pr) expressed in dB,
Q = 10 log (Pt/Pr) [dB].
Received power is determined by losses due to:
Spherical spreading
Exponential attenuation
Reflection and/or scattering
Losses usually expressed in dB or dB/m

8. Exponential Attenuation (Absorption)
Exponential absorption determined by loss tangent (tan d),
tan d = lossy conduction currents/loss-less
displacement currents
= s/ (2pfe)
where
s: electrical conductivity
f: frequency
e: dielectric permittivity.
Dielectric constant (K = e/eo), where eo is free space value.
For low-loss materials, the attenuation (a) is
a = (K)1/2 f tan d [dB/m].

10. --9.3 -

11. Sample Radar Range Considerations in dB
(Annan, 2003)

12. (Annan, 2003)

13. POTENTIAL RADAR EXPLORATION DEPTH
DEPTH (M)

15. SAGE 2005

16. SAGE 2006

17. GPR 2007 Possible San Marcos Kiva
GRID J
Average Amplitude Time Slice: 10 to 15 ns
Room block 38?

18. 3-D GPR IMAGING
Ice

19. Mars Radar Sounders
Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) (1.8 – 5.0 MHz) Launch
Shallow Subsurface Radar (SHARAD) ( MHz) Launch

20. MARS RADAR SOUNDER RESULTS
MARSIS
3.7 km-Deep
SHARAD
1 km-Deep
< 3.7 km-Deep Reflections from Debris-Layered Glacial Ice

21. Pictured is deployment of 30 MHz radar system in 1964.
Historical Note
“Earth” radar sounding (GPR) was developed in Antarctica in the 1940s and into the 60s.
Pictured is deployment of 30 MHz radar system in 1964.

22. 1964 Oscilloscope
Radar Recording in Antarctica

23. Antarctic Oscilloscope Radar Recordings
Skelton Glacier
~ 1 km-Deep Bottom Echoes
South Pole
Bottom Echo, 33 ms ~2800 m