1. Evidence #1: Diabetes
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2. Introduction
Type 1 diabetes is a serious disease. It occurs when people stop producing a chemical called insulin.
Insulin is important because it helps the body use glucose properly. When people do not produce enough insulin, they get too much glucose in their blood.
This can damage their circulatory system and their nervous system.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each person’s question.
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3. Who is right? CORRECT! CORRECT!
I have diabetes, because my body produces too much insulin.
I have diabetes, because my body produces too little insulin.
I am healthy, because my body produces no insulin.
CORRECT!
CORRECT!
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4. Click back to re-read and try again
Who is right?
I have diabetes, because my body produces too much insulin.
I have diabetes, because my body produces too little insulin.
I am healthy, because my body produces no insulin.
TRY AGAIN!
Click back to re-read and try again
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5. What causes Type 1 diabetes?
Some scientists have a hypothesis. Here is what they think:
Many people with Type 1 diabetes have a mutation in a gene called DRB.
In healthy people, the DRB gene gives instructions to the cells to produce a protein called the DRB protein. (Proteins are one kind of chemical structure in cells.) The DRB protein helps make sure the body can produce insulin, so that people do not get diabetes.
When people have a mutation in the DRB gene, their genes do not give instructions to produce the DRB protein. And then the DRB protein cannot help make sure that the body can produce insulin. So they are more likely to get diabetes.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each person’s question.
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6. This shows the scientists’ hypothesis about healthy people:
cell
1. They have the DRB gene
in their cells.
Click on the cell to see what the scientists think happens next.
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7. This graphic shows their hypothesis about healthy people:
cell
1. They have the DRB gene
in their cells.
2. The DRB gene gives instructions
to make the DRB protein.
So the DRB protein is in their cells. (The DRB protein is shown as red dots.)
Click on the cell to see what the scientists think happens next.
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8. This shows their hypothesis about healthy people:
cell
Insulin
1. They have the DRB gene
in their cells.
3. The DRB protein helps
make sure that people
can produce insulin.
So they are healthy.
2. The DRB gene gives instructions
to make the DRB protein.
So the DRB protein is in their cells.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each person’s question.
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9. This shows their hypothesis about people with Type 1 diabetes:
cell
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
Click on the cell to see what the scientists think happens next.
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10. This shows their hypothesis about most people with Type 1 diabetes:
cell No
DRB
Protein!
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
2. The DRB gene does not give instructions
to make the DRB protein. So there is
no DRB protein in the cell.
Click on the cell to see what the scientists think happens next.
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11. This shows their hypothesis about most people with Type 1 diabetes:
cell
No insulin No
DRB
Protein!
3. Because there is
no DRB protein, people
often cannot produce
insulin, and they get
diabetes.
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
2. The DRB gene does not give instructions
to make the DRB protein. So there is
no DRB protein in the cell.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each person’s question.
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12. Who is right about the scientists’ hypothesis
Who is right about the scientists’ hypothesis? (Click on the person who is right.)
The scientists think that most healthy people have:
No DRB gene No DRB protein No insulin
The scientists think that most healthy people have:
A normal No DRB protein Insulin
DRB gene in their cells
The scientists think that most healthy people have:
A normal DRB protein Insulin
DRB gene in their cells
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CORRECT!!
CORRECT!!
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13. Who is right about the scientists’ hypothesis
Who is right about the scientists’ hypothesis? (Click on the person who is right.)
The scientists think that most people with diabetes have:
A mutated No DRB protein No insulin
DRB gene in their cells
The scientists think that most people with diabetes have:
A mutated DRB protein No insulin
DRB gene in their cells
The scientists think that most people with diabetes have:
No DRB gene No DRB protein No insulin
BACK
CORRECT!!
CORRECT!!
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14. Sorry, that is not correct.
Go to the next page, and read the scientists’ hypothesis again, slowly and carefully.
Make sure you understand what you read, and then go back and try again.
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15. This is what the scientists think about most healthy people:
Insulin
1. They have a DRB gene in their cells.
3. The DRB protein helps
make sure that people
can produce insulin.
So they are healthy.
2. The DRB gene gives instructions
to make the DRB protein.
So the DRB protein is in their cells.
This is what the scientists think about most people with diabetes:
No insulin No
DRB
Protein!
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
3. Because there is
no DRB protein, people
often cannot produce
insulin, and they get diabetes.
2. The DRB gene does not give instructions
to make the DRB protein. So there is
no DRB protein in their cells.
BACK

16. Sorry, that is not correct.
Go to the next page, and read the scientists’ hypothesis again, slowly and carefully.
Make sure you understand what you read, and then go back and try again.
NEXT

17. This is what the scientists think about most healthy people:
Insulin
1. They have a DRB gene in their cells.
3. The DRB protein helps
make sure that people
can produce insulin.
So they are healthy.
2. The DRB gene gives instructions
to make the DRB protein.
So the DRB protein is in their cells.
This is what the scientists think about most people with diabetes:
No insulin No
DRB
Protein!
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
3. Because there is
no DRB protein, people
often cannot produce
insulin, and they get diabetes.
2. The DRB gene does not give instructions
to make the DRB protein. So there is
no DRB protein in their cells.
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18. Method
The scientists conducted a study to test their hypothesis. They wanted to find out if diabetes patients have a mutated DRB gene and if they have the DRB protein. To test this idea they tested 10 people with Type 1 diabetes and 10 healthy people. They used standard procedures to check:  whether the people had a mutated or normal DRB gene.  whether the people had the DRB protein in their cells.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each person’s question.
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19. Normal DRB gene and protein Normal DRB gene and protein
These are the patients who have Type 1 diabetes (and produce no insulin). Click on each patient to see their test result for the DRB gene and the DRB protein. To protect their identities, they are anonymous.
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
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20. These are the healthy patients who DO NOT have diabetes
These are the healthy patients who DO NOT have diabetes. Click on each patient to see their test result for the DRB gene and the DRB protein. To protect their identities ,they are anonymous.
Normal DRB gene and protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Mutated DRB gene
No DRB Protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
Normal DRB gene and protein
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21. Results The scientists’ results are in the table below. BACK
Patients with type 1 diabetes
Patients without diabetes
Patient
DRB gene
DRB protein 1
Mutated
No protein
Normal 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Discuss: What do you conclude from this study?
Give reasons for your ideas, and try to agree on the best conclusion. Focus on which genes and proteins healthy people have, and which genes and proteins patients with diabetes have.
When you are finished, write your group’s conclusion on Page 36, Question 5.
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