1. Section 9-1
Review and Preview

2. Preview
The objective of this chapter is to extend the methods for estimating values of population parameters and the methods for testing hypotheses to situations involving two sets of sample data instead of just one.
The following are examples typical of those found in this chapter, which presents methods for using sample data from two populations so that inferences can be made about those populations.
page 456 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition
Examples in the discussion

3. Inferences About Two Proportions
Section 9-2
Inferences About Two Proportions

4. Notation for Two Proportions
For population 1, we let:
p1 = population proportion
n1 = size of the sample
x1 = number of successes in the sample
(the sample proportion)
The corresponding notations apply to
which come from population 2.

5. Pooled Sample Proportion
The pooled sample proportion is denoted by p and is given by:
We denote the complement of p by q, so q = 1 – p

6. Test Statistic for Two Proportions
For H0: p1 = p2
H1: p1  p2 , H1: p1 < p2 , H1: p 1> p2
We will use ZPROP instead!
where p1 – p2 = 0 (assumed in the null hypothesis)
Example given at the bottom of page of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition.

7. Test Statistic for Two Proportions – Cont…
Critical values: Use invNorm(area to the left, 0, 1)
*left tailed test, α is in the left tail
*right tailed test, α is in the right tail
*two tailed test, α is divided equally between the two tails.
P-values: Use the normalcdf feature on your calculator
Right-tailed tests: To find this probability in your calculator, type: normalcdf (z test statistic, 99999, 0, 1)
Left-tailed tests: To find this probability in your calculator, type: normalcdf (–99999, –z test statistic, 0, 1)
***Don’t forget if your test is two-sided, double your P-value.***

8. Example 1: The table below lists results from a simple random sample of front-seat occupants involved in car crashes. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the fatality rate of occupants is lower for those in cars equipped with airbags.
a) State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
b) Find the pooled estimate .
c) Find the critical value(s).

9. d) Find the test statistic. (ZPROP)
e) Find the p-value.
f) What is the conclusion?
Reject H0. There is enough evidence to suggest that the fatality rate of occupants is lower for those in cars equipped with airbags.

10. Example 2: A simple random sample of front-seat occupants involved in car crashes is obtained. Among 2823 occupants not wearing seat belts, 31 were killed. Among 7765 occupants wearing seat belts, 16 were killed (based on data from “Who Wants Airbags?” by Meyer and Finney, Chance, Vol. 18, No. 2). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the fatality rate is higher for those not wearing seat belts.
a) State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
b) Find the pooled estimate .
c) Find the critical value(s).

11. d) Find the test statistic.
e) Find the p-value.
f) What is the conclusion?
Reject H0. There is enough evidence to suggest that the fatality rate is higher for those not wearing seat belts.

12. Example 3: A Pew Center Research poll asked randomly selected subjects if they agreed with the statement that “It is morally wrong for married people to have an affair.” Among the 386 women surveyed, 347 agreed with the statement. Among the 359 men surveyed, 305 agreed with the statement. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the percentage of women who agree is different from the percentage of men who agree.
a) State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
b) Find the pooled estimate .
c) Find the critical value(s).

13. d) Find the test statistic.
e) Find the p-value.
f) What is the conclusion?
Reject H0. There is enough evidence to suggest that the percentage of women who agree is different from the percentage of men who agree.

14. Confidence Interval Estimate of p1 – p2
For population 1, we let:
p1 = population proportion
n1 = size of the sample
x1 = number of successes in the sample
Example at the bottom of page 461 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition
Rationale for the procedures of this section on page of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition
(the sample proportion)
The corresponding notations apply to
which come from population 2.

15. Example 4: Use the sample data given in Example 1 to construct a 90% confidence interval estimate of the difference between the two population proportions. (The confidence level of 90% is comparable to the significance level of  = 0.05 used in the preceding left-tailed hypothesis test.)

16. Example 5: A simple random sample of front-seat occupants involved in car crashes is obtained. Among 2823 occupants not wearing seat belts, 31 were killed. Among 7765 occupants wearing seat belts, 16 were killed (based on data from “Who Wants Airbags?” by Meyer and Finney, Chance, Vol. 18, No. 2). Construct a 90% confidence interval estimate of the difference between the two population proportions.

17. Example 6: A Pew Center Research poll asked randomly selected subjects if they agreed with the statement that “It is morally wrong for married people to have an affair.” Among the 386 women surveyed, 347 agreed with the statement. Among the 359 men surveyed, 305 agreed with the statement. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the difference between the two population proportions.

18. Example 7: Lipitor is a drug used to control cholesterol
Example 7: Lipitor is a drug used to control cholesterol. In clinical trials of Lipitor, 94 subjects were treated with Lipitor and 270 subjects were given a placebo. Among those treated with Lipitor, 7 developed infections. Among those given a placebo, 27 developed infections. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the rate of infections was the same for those treated with Lipitor and those given a placebo.
a) State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
b) Find the pooled estimate .
c) Find the critical value(s).
d) Find the test statistic.
e) Find the p-value.

19. f) What is the conclusion?
Fail to reject H0. There is not enough evidence to suggest that the rate of infections was not the same for those treated with Lipitor and those given a placebo.
g) Determine
h) Find the margin of error.
i) Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the difference between the two population proportions.