1. The issue of euthanasia
Aspects examined …
definitions of the term and of the practices to it related;
euthanasia in the human history;
Switzerland case;
Pros and cons of euthanasia;
Additional information …

2. Definitions of the word ‘Euthanasia’
Definition by The Oxford English Dictionary
the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma.
Definition by the Cambridge English Dictionary
the act of killing someone who is very ill or very old so that they do not suffer any more.
Origin of the word: Early 17th century (in the sense ‘easy death’): from Greek, from eu ‘well’ + thanatos ‘death’. It was adopted to define legally sanctioned mercy killing.
Synonyms: ‘mercy killing’

3. Definitions of the various practices related to ‘Euthanasia’
Voluntary euthanasia
When the person who is killed has requested to be killed.
Non-voluntary
When the person who is killed made no request and gave no consent.
Involuntary euthanasia
When the person who is killed made an expressed wish to the contrary.
Assisted suicide
Someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. When it is a doctor who helps another person to kill themselves it is called "physician assisted suicide."
Euthanasia By Action
Intentionally causing a person's death by performing an action such as by giving a lethal injection.
Euthanasia By Omission
Intentionally causing death by not providing necessary and ordinary care or food and water.

4. Euthanasia in human history
Iron Age and Romans
In ancient Greece
Plato wrote: "Mentally and physically ill persons should be left to death; they do not have the right to live."
Suicide of the patient who was suffering extreme pain and had an incurable terminal illness was made easy and for this reason.
Jewish society
Following the teaching of the Bible and the sixth command "thou shall not kill", Judaism considered life to be sacred and equated suicide and euthanasia with murder.
In ancient Rome
Euthanasia was a crime and this action was regarded as murder. However, history notes that sickly newborn babies were left outside, overnight, exposed to the elements.

5. Middle Ages Christian religion Its teachings opposed euthanasia.
God creates human beings and they belong to Him and not themselves. Death is for God to decree, not man.
Islamic religion
Like Judeo-Christian teaching, Islam also teaches that God is the only one who creates and the only one who may take life away.

6. Carl F. H. Marx (German medical graduate)
18° and 19° Centuries
Prussia
A law was passed that reduced the punishment of a person who killed the patient with an incurable disease.
Northern America
Earliest American statute explicitly to outlaw assisting suicide.
Carl F. H. Marx (German medical graduate)
Philosophy and religion may offer information and comfort, but the Physician is the best judge of the patient's ailment, and administers alleviation of pain where cure is impossible.
Palliative medicine: medical and related care provided to a patient that is not intended to provide curative treatment but rather to manage symptoms, relieve pain and discomfort, improve quality of life, and meet the emotional, social, and spiritual needs of the patient

7. First half of the 20° Century
Darwin's work and related theories of evolution had challenged the existence of a Creator God who alone had the right to determine life or death.
USA
The efforts of legalization of euthanasia began in the USA in the first years of the 20th century.
Germany
In 1920, two German professors published a small book with the title 'Releasing the destruction of worthless animals' which advocated the killing of people whose lives were "devoid of value. "This book was the base of involuntary euthanasia in the Third Reich”.
England
In 1936 the Voluntary Euthanasia Society was founded in England. The next year the English Parliament (the House of Lords) rejected a proposal to legalise euthanasia.
In 1941, a Catholic Bishop openly condemned the Nazi euthanasia programme in a sermon. This brought a temporary end to the programme.

8. Second half of the 20° Century
In 1976
International meeting of existing national right-to-die societies. Japan, Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States were all represented. This first meeting enabled those in attendance to learn from the experience of each other and to obtain a more international perspective on right to die issues.
Right to die societies also formed the same year in Germany and Canada.

9. 3° Millenium Southern America
Uruguay Penal Code, a Judge must not punish a person for mercy killing. A person must also be forgiven for this kind of killing in Colombia.
The Netherlands
Voluntary euthanasia was approved.
Belgium
Voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were both approved.

10. Switzerland's 1942 law on euthanasia to help the terminally ill die
Switzerland case
Switzerland's 1942 law on euthanasia to help the terminally ill die
Switzerland has a new claim to fame as the world's death Mecca. Physically and mentally vulnerable patients have been lining up for a one-way trip to Zurich.
Modern tendencies
In the past few years, it has been applied to patients with a range of ailments -- those with terminal illnesses or with acute mental disabilities, and even those suffering unbearable distress, such as a musician, for suicide. example, who has gone deaf.
The Swiss parliament has been alarmed and there is a move to ban the 'suicide tourism' and to place tougher bans on assisted

11. Pros and cons of euthanasia
1. it can relieve unbearable suffering of the patient;
1. the safeguard measure is to improve the palliative care.
2. it can relieve burdens from the relatives;
2. Not only terminally ill patients
3. the patient has a right to die;
3. If a physician could save a life and, on the other hand, could end a life, it would create ambiguity in the duty of the physician.
4. the patient can die with dignity;
4. A patient's decision may be affected by pressure from a relative. …
5. Sanctity of life. From the religious point of view.
6. The patient's right to die does not mean the physician's right to kill.

12. Additional information …
Why do patients choose euthanasia
loss of dignity mentioned in 57%, pain in 46%, unworthy dying in 46%, being dependent on others in 33% and being tired of life in 23% of the cases.
It is very important to …
1. explore the underlying reasons for a patient to request euthanasia and to provide all legal means of support to relieve pain and suffering.
2. Involve the family members and other community resources if indicated early in the management of patients who are terminally ill.
Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment for a terminally ill patient taking into account the patient's benefit, the wishes of the patient and family, and the futility of treatment is legally acceptable and appropriate.

13. Thanks for the attention!