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The Story of Psychology Prologue

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1 The Story of Psychology Prologue

2 The Story of Psychology
What is Psychology? Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science Develops

3 Contemporary Psychology
Psychology’s Biggest Question Psychology’s Three Main Levels if Analysis Psychology’s Subfields

4 Psychology With hopes of satisfying curiosity, many people listen to talk-radio counselors and psychics to learn about others and themselves. Dr. Crane (radio-shrink) Psychic (Ball gazing)

5 Psychological Science is Born
Wundt and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today. Wundt ( ) Preview Question 1: When and how did psychological science begin?

6 Psychological Science is Born
James ( ) Mary Calkins American philosopher William James wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook. Mary Calkins, James’s student, became the APA’s first female president.

7 Psychological Science is Born
Freud ( ) Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.

8 Psychological Science is Born
Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 1920s, defined as the science of mental life.

9 Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorists Skinner ( ) Watson ( ) Preview Question 2: How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today? Watson and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.

10 Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology Maslow ( ) Rogers ( ) Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance.

11 Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

12 Contemporary Psychology
Psychology’s Biggest Question Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychology’s Subfields Preview Question 3: What is psychology’s historic big issue?

13 Nature verses Nurture Controversy over the contribution of biology (nature) and experience (nurture) Do our traits develop through experience or are we born with them? Today, we see traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

14 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Preview Question 4: What are psychology’s levels of analysis and related perspectives?

15 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Neuroscience How the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?

16 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Behavioral How we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

17 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

18 Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Psychologist What do they do? Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another. Preview Question 5: What are psychology’s main subfields?

19 Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Data: APA 1997

20 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Psychologist What do they do? Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

21 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Data: APA 1997

22 Psychological Associations & Societies
The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.

23 Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats people with mental health concerns with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like medication and psychotherapy to treat people with mental health issues.

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