1. APUSH - Exam Review Periods 4 (1800-1848) & 3 (1754-1800) Key Events
Period 4 – Marshall Court, Jefferson’s Presidency, War of 1812, Era of Good Feelings, Jackson’s Admin, the “2nd Party System”, 2nd Great Awakening, 1st Industrial Rev.
Period 3 – French & Indian War, Build-Up to Revolution, American Revolution & Independence, Post-Revolution Issues, Constitutional Convention, Washington’s Admin & the 1st Party System, Adams’ Admin

2. Two Great Online Study Resources:
Gilder-Lehrman.org (excellent thematic breakdown videos, documents, etc.)
Crash Course US History (10-15 min. YouTube videos on important content/thematic info from all 9 time periods)

3. Period 4: The Marshall Court
1800: Supreme Court = last of Federalist-dominated branches of gov’t
1st Major Decision (1803) – Marbury v. Madison (SC decides 1798 Judiciary Act to be unconstitutional  principle of “judicial review” established)
1819: McCulloch v. Maryland (federal law trumps state law)
1824: Gibbons v. Ogden (Congress CAN regulate businesses that engage in interstate commerce)
1832: Worcester v. Georgia (Georgia state law could not interfere with Cherokee tribal authority)

4. Period 4: Jefferson’s Administration
Elected as a “strict interpreter” of the Constitution & advocate of “states rights”; did not always live up to these ideals
Louisiana Purchase – buy the territory himself or risk asking Congress for permission (and missing out)?
Embargo Act (1807) – cuts off Europe from US trade as a means to economically punish Britain/France; ends up hurting US farmers and merchants more

5. Period 4 Jeff’s Admin (cont’d)
Continued problems with French/British violations of US shipping neutrality during Napoleonic Wars (he avoids getting US involved)
Naval battles off Barbary coast in N. Africa with pirates = some greater US naval credibility

6. Period 4 Madison’s Struggles
British/French trade restrictions on US continue; Madison issues an ultimatum to Britain in 1811
British support grows for Native American uprisings in Ohio Valley (still in dispute after Revolution)
Election of the “War Hawks” in 1810 (Clay, Calhoun, etc.) looking to gain northern/western territory and “complete the business” of the Revolution against Britain
War of 1812: divides America along sectional lines (NE. mainly against, S. mainly in favor); war ends ultimately in a draw but reinforces US “pride”; manufacturing in NE begins leading to less dependence on British markets

7. Period 4 Monroe & “Era of Good Feelings”
War of 1812 and Hartford Convention = final destruction of Federalist party  Jeffersonian-Republicans have full control
Battles over tariffs, expansion, slavery, and political power continue
Tariff of 1816 – divides sectional leadership (NE/Webster against; S/Calhoun against; Clay & industrialists in favor)

8. Period 4 Monroe (cont’d)
1819: Missouri applies for statehood as a “slave state”; would upset “sectional balance”; Clay fashions Missouri Compromise in 1820
1819: financial panic (2nd Nation Bank calls in loans from state banks in hard coin “specie”; leads to foreclosures and mistrust between farmers in W & S and bankers in N & E

9. Period 4 Monroe (cont’d)
Foreign Affairs – “Monroe Doctrine” is put into effect in 1823 (Europe was to stay out of W. Hemisphere where it had been removed)
Several land deals/border disputes settled by Sec. of State John Q. Adams (US/Canadian border, US-New Spain border, acquisition of FL)

10. Period 4: Expansion of Suffrage (pre-Jackson)
Western states give more “democratic rights” to “common” white men; pressure is put on Eastern states to do same
1820: most states have adopted “universal white male suffrage” (no more property reqs to vote)
Champion of Common Man: Andrew Jackson (elected in 1828)

11. Period 4: Jackson (cont’d)
Separation of economy from gov’t (kills 2nd Bank, vetoes several “American System” bills, issues Specie Circular)
DOES NOT repeal Tariff of 1828 (raises import taxes to 45%); South is enraged, calls for “nullification” of the Tariff (states’ rights)
Jackson gets Tariff lowered to 35%; South Car. nullifies anyway; Jackson prepares to take military force to collect $; Clay is able to get a compromise

12. Period 4: Jackson’s Admin
1830: Indian Removal Act (calls for immediate resettlement of Native Americans east of Miss. River; over 100,000 are displaced by 1835)

13. Period 4: 2nd Great Awakening and Its Impact
“Revivalist” meetings all through US; called for acknowledgement of sin and repentance in order to be “saved”
Targets: alcohol, sex trade, immigrants, slave-owners
Abolition movement and temperance movement born
New religious/secular groups form communal societies based on perfection (Mormons, Shakers, Oneida Utopians)
Transcendentalism (going against materialism, seeking community in natural world) gains momentum among middle class
Women’s rights movement reaches high point at Seneca Falls conference in 1848 (challenges “domestic sphere”)

14. Period 4: 1st American Industrial Revolution
Transportation changes (steamboat, canals, “turnpikes”, railroads are built)
Southern cotton dominates the economy; makes slavery even more valuable/controversial; beginning of black codes and slave revolts
Northeast rises as a textile manufacturing base
West becomes the producer of food
Arrival of “non-English” immigrants in large amounts (Irish and Germans)  US cities grow

15. Sample MC Questions – 1st Stimulus
“The authority given to the Supreme Court by the act establishing the judicial system of the US to issue writs of mandamus (court-issued commands to act) appears not to be warranted by the Constitution….it is emphatically the duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is…if two laws conflict with each other, the Court must decide on the operation of each…the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the Constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which both laws apply.”
-Source: Marbury v. Madison decision, John Marshall, 1803

16. 1st Stimulus – Question 1
According to this excerpt, which of the following has the supremacy in American law?
The Supreme Court
The Judicial Branch
Writs of Mandamus
The Constitution

17. Answer: The Constitution
Why? Marshall has stated in this ruling that the “Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of government”.

18. 1st Stimulus – Question 2
The section, “it is emphatically the duty of the Justice Department to say what the law is…” would have been most strongly supported by which group?
New England Federalists in the 1810s
South Carolina plantation owners in the 1830s
Kentucky legislators in the 1790s
Southern slave owners in the 1850s

19. Answer: D) Southern slave owners in the 1850s
Why? They would have been accepting of the Supreme Court’s decision to interpret the Dred Scott decision as the Constitution acting as “supreme law”

20. Sample MC Questions– 2nd Stimulus
“The question of the relation to which the States and Federal Gov’t bear to each other is not one of recent origin. From the commencement of our system, it has divided public sentiment. Even in the convention while the Constitution was struggling into existence, there were two parties as to what this relation should be…The great struggle that proceeded the political revolution of 1801 turned essentially on it; and the doctrines and arguments on both sides were embodied and ably sustained—on the one, in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions—and on the other, in the replies of the legislature of Massachusetts and some of the other states.”
-Source: John C. Calhoun, Fort Hill Address, July 26th, 1831

21. 2nd Stimulus – Question 1
Calhoun’s reference to the VA and KY Resolutions embodies his belief of
National supremacy
Executive power
States’ rights
Judicial Review

22. Answer: States’ rights
Why? The VA and KY resolutions promoted the idea that states could nullify a federal law if it violated their own constitutional rights.

23. 2nd Stimulus – Question 2
Calhoun’s sentiments in his Fort Hill Address led to what major crisis in American history?
The Indian Removal Act
The Nullification Crisis
The Annexation of Texas
Nat Turner’s slave rebellion

24. Answer: The Nullification Crisis
Why? Calhoun (a states’ rights proponent) led the charge in South Carolina to nullify the tariff of 1832; Jackson responded with the threat of military force

25. Period 3: French & Indian War’s Significance
British/Colonial forces drive French from N. America; severely cripple French Indian allies’ ability to fight
Major financial expense for Britain; believe that colonies cannot defend themselves
Proclamation of 1763: “separates” colonists and Ohio Valley Indians along Allegheny mountains
1765: Stamp Act is passed to fund a British military presence in colonies for defense purposes

26. Period 3: Reaction to Stamp Act
Virginia/Patrick Henry believes this is a “usurpation” of British civil rights guaranteed to colonists as Englishmen
Mass/James Otis rallies 9 of 13 colonies to meet at “Stamp Act Congress” in NY; sent word to King/Parliament that only colonial legislatures could tax colonists
Boycotts begin on British-made goods and Stamp Acts are repealed (but Declaratory Act is put in place in 1766)

27. Period 3: Townshend Rev. Acts (1767) New taxes placed on imports
Mass. Circular Letter penned by Sam Adams (no distinction between external/internal taxation; called for immediate repeal)
Rejuvenation of boycotts lead to repeal of all taxes in 1770 (time of relative peace for next two years)

28. Period 3: Hostilities Reignited
Adams and other colonial leaders stay in touch about events regarding British policies (“committees of correspondence”)
Tea Act passed in 1773; Boston Tea Party takes place; British Respond with Coercive Acts (closing of Bost. Harbor, Quartering Act, Quebec Act)
1774: First Continental Congress meets in Philly to discuss acceptable forms of protest; grievance list sent to King/Parliament; boycotts are stepped up
April/June 1775: First shots are fired; war begins

29. Period 3: 2nd Continental Congress and Independence
July 1775: Olive Branch Petition sent to King for one last chance at reconciliation; colonies are advised to arm themselves and form militias
January 1776: Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense (makes independence a mainstream belief)
June 1776: R.H. Lee presents resolution on a declaration of independence from Britain; July 2nd, the resolution is adopted

30. Period 3: Challenges To America During War
Only 1/3 of population actively supported fight for independence
Difficulty raising/training efficient fighting forces
Difficulty raising funds for war purposes (debt was only option)
Devastating losses during ; key victory at Saratoga wins an alliance with France
Victory at Yorktown brings a peace settlement with Britain (Treaty of Paris) but Britain is far from defeated (war was too expensive, too global, Whig gov’t overtakes Tory gov’t)

31. Period 3: Governing the US After Independence
State governments are set up according to “enlightenment principles” (separation of powers, limited gov’t, natural rights, etc.)
States are organized into a “nation” by Articles of Confederation (no power to tax, no power to regulate trade; established guidelines for admitting new states in territory won from Britain)
Challenges: debts remained unpaid, no national army, skyrocketing inflation
Shays’s Rebellion convinces new and old political leaders that Articles needed “revision”

32. Period 3: Constitutional Convention
Articles are thrown out; new gov’t is created
3 separate branches (legis, exec., judicial) all with checks and balances
House and Senate (population and equal representation) for legislature (“Great Compromise”)
President would be “indirectly” elected (avoid mob rule)
3/5ths Compromise would count 3 of every 5 slaves as one person toward the population of a state

33. Period 3: Battle Over Ratification
9 of 13 states needed to ratify Constitution
Supporters = Federalists; Opposition = Anti-Federalists
VA and NY take a LOT of convincing; Federalist Papers are penned to sway state legislatures to ratify
Promise made to include a federal Bill of Rights after ratification

34. Period 3: Washington’s Admin
Cabinet includes Jefferson (Sec of State) and Hamilton (Sec of Treas)  rivals to the end
Hamilton = “loose constructionist”; Jefferson = “strict constructionist”; opinions differ over creation of National Bank; Washington usually sides with Hamiltonian faction
Foreign Affairs – staying neutral in the renewed British-French War during the French Revolution; Jay Treaty gains British recognition of neutrality but increases US political/econ ties with former enemy (angering Jefferson faction)

35. Period 3: Washington’s Admin (cont’d)
Internal Affairs – Whiskey Rebellion breaks out in 1794 over issues with excise taxes to pay US debts; put down by Hamilton
Internal Affairs – US troops quell Indian rebellion by Shawnee in 1794; Treaty of Greenville cedes most of Ohio Valley to US
Washington’s Farewell – avoid foreign alliances and political parties at all costs!!!

36. Period 3: Adams’s Administration
Adams = Federalist; VP Jefferson = Democratic-Republican
1797: XYZ Affair – Adams sends delegation to France to deal with seizure of US ships; bribes are asked for; Adams cuts off diplomatic relations
: “Quasi-War” is fought (naval battles between US/French fleet); Convention of 1800 ends hostilities and US-French alliance

37. Period 3: Adams (cont’d)
Federalists win control of Congress in 1798 (anti-French, anti-Dem. Rep.)
Alien Acts passed (increased residency requirements for citizenship; gave President extraordinary power to deport enemy aliens in war/peace)
Sedition Acts passed (illegal to criticize President or Congress; fines and jail time punishment)
Jefferson and D-Rs respond with KY and VA Resolutions (call for nullification of A-S Acts)

38. Period 3: Election/ “Revolution” of 1800 Adams vs. Jefferson
D-Rs win Congress and Presidency (after a tie in the Electoral College  decided by House of Reps)
Revolution = D-Rs are in power; power is “peacefully transferred” (cemented democracy’s standing in world politics)

39. Sample MC Questions – 1st Stimulus
“One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts…the inhabitants of our Western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen, in the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain…decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy in the Federal Government and in the Atlantic States unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi;…the two treaties with Britain and Spain…secure to them everything they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, toward confining their prosperity.”
-Source: George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

40. 1st Stimulus – Question 1
The excerpt from Washington’s Farewell Address makes reference to both Jay’s Treaty (with Britain ) and Pinckney’s Treaty (with Spain ), in part for the purpose of
Increasing the President’s popularity with the people
Encourage the development of stronger national American identity
Discrediting criticisms of the President made by Thomas Paine
Discouraging radical New Englanders from seceding from the Union

41. Answer:
Encouraging the development of a stronger national American identity
Why? Washington was appealing to settlers living in the western territories of the US that the Federal government was looking out for their best interests as it would for all Americans

42. 1st Stimulus – Question 2
President Washington’s references to the “expedients of party” and to the “inhabitants of our Western country” indicate that he feared that
The Federalist Party might lose seats in the next election
People living in the West might form a new political party
Attacks by Native Americans might devastate frontier settlements
Westerners’ regional identity might be exploited for partisan political purposes

43. Answer:
D) Westerners’ regional identity might be exploited for partisan political purposes Why? Washington could see that political parties were developing and was concerned that their next target could be those living in the Western territories; he knew Westerners by nature were “distrustful” of centralized government and that political parties in development might try to take advantage of that mistrust for their own political gain.

44. Sample MC Questions – 2nd Stimulus
“Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious (self-righteous) reverence, and deem them like the ark of the covenant, too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human, and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment…But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand-in-hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times.” Source: Thomas Jefferson, 1816

45. 2nd Stimulus – Question 1
Which of the following Amendments to the Constitution is most directly an example of the sentiments expressed above?
The 1st Amendment, which guarantees the right to free speech
The 10th Amendment, which allows powers not granted to the federal government be granted to the states
The 19th Amendment, which guaranteed all women the right to vote
The 21st Amendment, which repealed the prohibition of alcohol

46. Answer:
D) The 21st Amendment, which repealed the prohibition of alcohol Why? After only 15 years of existence, Congress and the States passed/ratified the 21st Amendment which nullified the 18th Amendment and the concept of prohibition.

47. 2nd Stimulus – Question 2
Which of the following best describes a contributing factor in the crafting the United States Constitution?
Individual state constitutions written at the time of the Revolution gave too much power to the federal government
The weakness of the Articles of the Confederation led many state leaders to question their efficiency
Difficulties over trade and foreign relations led to a repeal of taxes/tariffs passed by the Confederated Congress
Washington’s embarrassing failure in the Whiskey Rebellion led Federalists to call for a new framework of centralized government

48. Answer:
B) The weakness of the Articles of the Confederation led many state leaders to question their efficiency Why? The Articles could not tax the states, nor regulate trade, nor call up the military in case of an attempted rebellion (like Shays); it was clear by 1787 there needed to be drastic revision if the nation were to survive.