1. BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF COFFEE WHITE STEM BORER (CWSB), XYLOTRECHUS QUADRIPES CHEVROLAT (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) TO PLANT VOLATILES OF COFFEE
Prashant MANGALGIKAR*, Vasuki BELAVADI, Bhanu KARUMURU, Vinod Kumar P. K. and Jayarama
*Ph. D. Scholar, U.A.S, Bangalore, India

2. Introduction
Coffee (Coffea sp.) - traded agricultural commodities (US$ 10billion) -25 million people worldwide.
It is a labour-intensive industry
The two main coffee varieties
Arabica (C. arabica, 2n=44)
Robusta (C. canephora, 2n=22)

3. Introduction
The coffee white stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
India, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam and Thailand
In India, it is estimated that over 9 million trees are destroyed each year
Costing around $40 m annually for replacement and loss of production
Le Pelley, 1968; Rhainds et al., 2002
Hall et al., 2008

4. Pupa Life cycle of CWSB EGGS Pre-pupa Larval stages
Male and Female beetle
EGGS
Larval stages
Pre-pupa
Pupa
Life cycle of CWSB

5. Symptoms of Damage Ridges Infested plant Infested stem with ridges
Emergence holes
Infested stem at Later
Infested stem at beginning

6. Management practices
Smoothening of stem and primaries – once in 3 years
Collection and killing of adult beetles
Spraying particle film/wrapping polyethylene strips (300 guage)/swabbing Chlorpyriphos/NSK powder/neem oil
Tracing, uprooting and burning
Pheromone traps - Arabica coffee -20 m - 6ft

7. Management practices Uprooting Tracing Pheromone traps Transportation
Burning

8. Special feature of the present work
There may be some volatiles in the bark of arabica that may be attractive to the females for egg laying
To improve the efficiency of the sex pheromone trap in the field
Identify the plant volatiles and their synergistic effect with the pheromone
Rhainds, 2001; CABI, 2008; Reddy, 2010

9. Collection of volatiles : Kit (A), Branch(B), Bark(C)
Volatile collections: Headspace collection A B C
Collection of volatiles : Kit (A), Branch(B), Bark(C)

10. A D C B
Fig. Chromatographs of Arabica (Bark and Branch) and Robusta (Bark and Branch) coffee

11. Identified volatiles from Coffee plants
No.
Name of Volatile
Arabica
Robusta 1
(E) -2- Hexenal ++ 2
(Z)-3- Hexenol
+++ 3
(E) 2 - Hexenol + 4
Ethyl benzoate 5
Methyl salicylate 6
Indole
+++-High, ++-Medium and +- Low
CABI, 2008

12. SOURCE AND PURITY OF PLANT VOLATILES AND CWSB PHEROMONE USED IN THE ELECTROANTENNOGRAM STUDIES
Name of the Volatile
Source
Chemical Purity (%) 1
(E) -2- Hexenal
BCRL
>99.50 2
(Z)-3- Hexenol
97.10 3
(E) 2 - Hexenol
88.20 4
Methyl salicylate
Sulabh Reagents 5
2-hydroxy-3-decanone
97.52
purity of the compounds determined by gas chromatography

13. Experiments Treatment. No. Treatments T1
(E) -2- Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1) T2
(Z)-3-Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1) T3
(Z)-3- Hexenol: (E) 2 - Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:3:2) T4
(E) 2 - Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2) T5
(Z)-3- Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2) T6
Methyl salicylate: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2) T7
2-hydroxy-3-decanone T8
(E) -2- Hexenal T9
Control

14. EAG Response (mV) (Mean±SD)
Table 1. Mean EAG Response (mV) of CWSB Female, Male and Mated Female antenna to different treatments
Treatment.
No.
Treatments
EAG Response (mV) (Mean±SD)
Female
Male
Mated Female T1
(E) -2- Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1)
0.71±0.43a
0.50±0.29a
0.42±0.21ab T2
(Z)-3-Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1)
0.44±0.19abc
0.37±0.19a
0.48±0.22ab T3
(Z)-3- Hexenol: (E) 2 - Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:3:2)
0.45±0.13abc
0.35±0.19a
0.54±0.31a T4
(E) 2 - Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2)
0.38±0.14bc
0.36±0.16a
0.52±0.25a T5
(Z)-3- Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2)
0.49±0.21abc
0.31±0.13ab
0.45±0.16ab T6
 Methyl salicylate: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2)
0.52±0.28abc
0.36±0.09a
0.50±0.30ab T7
2-hydroxy-3-decanone
0.39±0.26a
0.36±0.26ab T8
(E) -2- Hexenal
0.44±0.22abc
0.44±0.18a
0.32±0.15ab T9
Control (Hexane)
0.20±0.16c
0.09±0.14b
0.20±0.13b
F test *
SEM±
0.075
0.060
0.073
CD at 0.01%
0.278
0.224
0.272
Comparison was made with post –hoc test DMRT, different alphabetes indicates significance

15. EAG Thumbs T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Female
Male

16. Wind tunnel Studies On source stand On source On source

17. Table 2. Per cent Response of CWSB Females, Males and Mated Females against different treatments in Wind Tunnel
Sl.No.
Treatment
Response (%)
Female
Male
Mated Female 1
(E) -2- Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1 ratio)
85.00
65.22
65.62 2
(Z)-3-Hexenol: Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1)
41.66
50.00
62.50 3
(Z)-3- Hexenol: (E) 2 - Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:3:2 ratio)
77.77
35.00 4
(E) 2 - Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2 ratio)
72.22
37.50 5
(Z)-3- Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2 ratio)
36.53
40.00 6
Methyl salicylate: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2 ratio)
83.30
46.15
31.03 7
2-hydroxy-3-decanone
60.00
27.77
61.50 8
(E) -2- Hexenal
66.66
43.75 9
Control (Hexane)
0.00

18. Mean(±SEM) CWSB beetle caught/10 traps
Table 3. Catches of male and female coffee white stem borer beetle in traps baited with lures of plant volatiles and synthetic pheromone (April-June 2013)
Treatments
Mean(±SEM) CWSB beetle caught/10 traps
Female
Male
Total
(E) -2- Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1)
1.71±0.78
0.86±0.46
2.57±1.06
(Z)-3-Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1)
0.57±0.30
0.14±0.14
0.71±0.29
(Z)-3- Hexenol: (E) 2 - Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:3:2)
1.00±0.53
1.86±0.88
(E) 2 - Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2)
2.00±0.75
2.57±0.87
(Z)-3- Hexenol : 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2)
0.71±0.28
0.29±0.28
1.00±0.44
Methyl salicylate: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (3:2)
2.71±1.10
1.14±0.51
3.86±1.35
2-hydroxy-3-decanone
1.29±0.75
0.00±0.00
(E) -2- Hexenal
2.86±0.77
1.14±0.55
4.00±1.25
Control (only traps)
1.29±0.61
0.86±0.34
2.14±0.86

19. Fig. Total number of beetles caught in trap study in Mallenahalli, Chikmagalur (April-June 2013). Data from all 90 traps were pooled for analysis

20. Conclusion
Most of the test compounds elicited similar responses which suggest that several of the compounds may be used together by X. quadripes in habitat and/or host community location.
E-2-Hexenol: 2-hydroxy-3-decanone (1:1) has shown promising response from EAG studies

21. Acknowledgement