1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Vocabulary Cell Cell theory Nucleus Eukaryote Prokaryote
Cell organelles
Cytosol (cytoplasm)
Cell membrane
cell wall
Lipid bilayer
diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Passive transport
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Equilibrium

3. I can discuss the history and components of the cell theory.
Learning Target
I can discuss the history and components of the cell theory.

4. Cells
A cell is the smallest living unit of life
Most are microscopic

5. Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke from England (1665)
Observed sliver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell because it reminded him of monk’s cells

6. Discovery of Cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek From Holland
Observed tiny moving organisms in pond water
Animalcules

7. Cell theory (1838)Theodor Schwann, German biologist
(1839) Matthias Schleiden, German botanist
“ all living things are made of cells”
(1855) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from
pre-existing cells”

8. Principles of Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

9. Points to Ponder With a partner. . .
1. Discuss the three individuals responsible for the cell theory.
2. Name the three parts of the cell theory.

10. Learning Target
I can analyze the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

11. Characteristics of All Cells
Cell (Plasma) membrane -- A surrounding protective membrane
Cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Control center with DNA

12. Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

13. Prokaryotic Cells First cell type on earth Small with simple structure
Possess all characteristics of life
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

14. Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of genetic material (DNA)
Organelles not bound by membranes

15. Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus bound by membrane; contains genetic material (DNA)
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many organelles
Protozoan

16. Learning Target
I can analyze the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

17. Points to ponder Solo Prewrite cell constructed response Partner
Use the scoring guide to critique your partner’s CRQ while your partner critiques yours
Write your final draft

18. Learning Target
I can describe the functions of all major cell organelles.
I can prepare a chart that details the structure and functions of the organelles in an animal or plant cell.

19. Composite Animal Cell

20. Composite Plant Cell

21. Cell Structure Eukaryotic cell is divided into two major parts:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
the portion of the cell outside the nucleus; organelles are suspended in this

22. Nucleus Control center of the cell Found in plant and animal cells
Surrounded by a double membrane
Contains nearly all cell’s DNA
Chromatin

23. Nuclear Envelope Separates nucleus from rest of cell Double membrane
Has nuclear pores
to allow movement
of materials into
and out of the nucleus

24. DNA Hereditary material stored in the nucleus
Chromosomes contain the DNA which contain the instructions for controlling the cell’s functions
Most of the time the DNA is coiled into chromatin
Chromosomes are seen as coiled strands inside the nucleus is the genetic material seen in the nucleus

25. Nucleolus Found inside the nucleus Most cells have 2 or more
Directs synthesis of RNA
Produces ribosomes

26. Ribosomes Small particles of RNA and protein Located all over the cell
Site of protein synthesis
Assembles amino acids into proteins
Can be free or attached

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Helps move substances within cells
Network of interconnected membranes
Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

28. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has ribosomes attached to surface
Manufacture proteins
Not all ribosomes are attached to rough ER. Some are free in the cytoplasm
May chemically modify proteins from ribosomes

29. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No attached ribosomes
Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids

30. Golgi Apparatus Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
Modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or for secretion outside of the cell.

31. Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

33. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Functions Aid in cell renewal
Use enzymes to break down
food and worn out cell parts
Digests invaders

34. Vacuoles Membrane bound storage sacs
More common in plants than animals
Store
Water
Food
Wastes

35. Mitochondria
Have their own DNA
Bound by double membrane

36. Mitochondria
Produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions
Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
Release energy
ATP

37. Chloroplasts
Capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy
Photosynthesis

38. Microfilaments/Microtubules
Located all over the cell
3 functions:
mechanical support
anchor organelles
help move substances

39. A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule

40. Cilia & Flagella Provide motility Cilia Flagella Short
Used to move substances outside human cells
Flagella
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells

41. Cilia & Flagella Structure
Bundles of microtubules
Continuous with plasma membrane

42. Centrioles Pairs of microtubular structures
Play a role in cell division

43. Points to Ponder
Solo: What three component of cell structure do prokaryotic, animal and plant cells have in common
Partner: Pick an organelle and discuss what would happen to the cell if that organelle were to stop working.

44. Learning Target
I can describe the functions of all major cell organelles.
I can prepare a chart that details the structure and functions of the organelles in an animal or plant cell.

45. Learning Target
I can explain how the cell membrane controls movement of substances both into and out of the cell and within the cell.

46. Cell Membrane Also known as the plasma membrane Contains cell contents
Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
Controls what enters or exits the cell

47. Phospholipids Polar Interacts with water Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Interacts with water

48. Cell Walls Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
Surrounds plasma membrane; provides support and protection for the cell

49. Cell Wall Differences
Plants – mostly cellulose
Fungi – contain chitin

50. Cytoplasm Viscous fluid containing organelles components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid = cytosol
Organelles (not nucleus)
Storage substances

51. Learning Target
I can explain how the cell membrane controls movement of substances both into and out of the cell and within the cell.

52. Learning Targets
I can describe and contrast these types of cell transport: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
I can predict the effect of osmosis within cells based on the type of solution surrounding the cell.

53. Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
Materials move through the plasma membrane in two ways:
Passive transport
Actively transport

54. Passive Transport No energy required Move due to gradient
differences in concentration, pressure, charge
Move to equalize gradient
Materials move from areas of high concentration to areas low concentration (downhill)

55. Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion

56. Diffusion
Molecules move to equalize concentration

57. Osmosis Special form of diffusion
Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
Often involves movement of water
Into cell
Out of cell

58. Solution Differences & Cells
solvent + solute = solution
Hypotonic
Solutes in cell more than outside
Outside solvent will flow into cell
Cell will swell
Isotonic
Solutes equal inside & out of cell
Hypertonic
Solutes greater outside cell
Fluid will flow out of cell
Cell will shrink

60. Facilitated Diffusion
Selectively permeable membrane
Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)
No energy is required

61. Process of Facilitated Transport
Protein binds with molecule
Shape of protein changes
Molecule moves across membrane

63. Membrane Proteins 1. Channels or transporters 2. Receptors
Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
Recognize certain chemicals

64. Membrane Proteins 3. Glycoproteins 4. Enzymes Identify cell type
Catalyze production of substances

65. Active Transport Molecular movement Requires energy (against gradient)
Example is sodium-potassium pump

66. Endocytosis Movement of large molecules Movement is into cells
Particles
Organisms
Movement is into cells
Types of endocytosis
bulk-phase (nonspecific)
receptor-mediated (specific)

67. Process of Endocytosis
Plasma membrane surrounds material
Edges of membrane meet
Membranes fuse to form vesicle

68. Forms of Endocytosis Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking

69. Exocytosis
Reverse of endocytosis
Cell discharges material

70. Process of Exocytosis Vesicle moves to cell surface
Membrane of vesicle fuses
Materials expelled

71. End Chapter 5

72. Learning Targets
I can describe and contrast these types of cell transport: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
I can predict the effect of osmosis within cells based on the type of solution surrounding the cell.