1. Notes: Evidences of Evolution
Objective 15: Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the Theory of Evolution

2. King Pete Came Over For Great Spaghetti
Classification
King Pete Came Over For Great Spaghetti

3. Genus and Species
Binomial nomenclature: classification system used to identify organisms by their genus and species
Ex:

4. Evolution
Paleontology
Fossils
Stratigraphy
Biogeography
Convergent
Divergent
Comparative Morphology
Vestigial organs
Homologous structures
Embryology
Ontogeny
Phylogeny
Biochemistry
DNA
Antibiotic resistance
Pesticide resistance
Speciation
Genetic variation
Environmental Selection
Isolation
Evidences of Evolution: “I can identify and explain various types of evidence for evolution”

5. Paleontology: Fossil Types
Original Form
Amber
Frozen
Tar
Petrified
Organic Matter replaced by Minerals that turn to stone
Casts & Molds
Sedimentary rock
Trace
Footprints
Burrows
Nests

6. Fossil record & stratification
Stratification= formation of rock layers overtime
Fossils of organisms can be dated chemically or by rock layer they are found in
The deeper the layer, the older the fossil

7. Paleontology as Evidence for Evolution
Earth is millions of years old
Provides physical/visual evidence of common ancestry between extinct species and modern day species
Based on fossil evidence we can:
Date the existence of different organisms
Recreate the environment they lived in
Compare anatomy to modern day organisms and see changes

8. Biogeography
335 million year ago our modern day continents existed as one large land mass called “Pangea”(all-land)
175 million years ago Pangea began to break apart and move across the oceans

9. Types of Evolution
Divergent evolution= when one or more species diverge into multiple descendent species (have a common ancestor)
This is speciation!
Convergent evolution= when one or more species that are not related by a common ancestor become more and more similar due to similar environments
Similar phenotype but different genotype

10. Unrelated species w/ similar morphology
BioGeoGraphy
Convergent Evolution
Unrelated species w/ similar morphology
Natural Selection due to similar environments
Divergent Evolution
Related species w/ different morphology
Natural Selection to reduce competition
Fossil Location
Matching coastlines

11. Biogeography as Evidence for Evolution
Biogeography= the study of species distributed around the world
Often relies on fossil data
Can study how different environments have impacted species over time
Geographical isolation

12. Comparative Morphology
Using fossil data or modern anatomical data to draw conclusion about the evolution of structure and function

13. Homologous Structures
Same anatomy
Different function
Vestigial Organs
Nonfunctional
No purpose
Remnants
Examples of vestigial organs:
Appendix  thought to be for digesting plants cellulose
Coccyx  tailbone, once for tail/balance now serves as a point of attachment for muscles, visible in embryos but has degraded overtime
Wisdom teeth  once used for grinding plant tissue, no longer necessary
Ear muscles  used to be used to move ears and listen for predators, not necessary anymore
Male nipple  no selection against them, but no real use

14. Comparative Morphology as Evidence for Evolution
Can study patterns in development and compare how different or similar environments have impacted the evolution of species
Vestigial structures are evidence for evolution by natural selection, they once served a purpose but no longer do
Homologous structures are evidence for a shared common ancestor between widely vary species

15. What is pictured below?

16. Embryological Development
Study of embryos and the development of embryos

17. Embryology Common Ancestry = Shared Genes
Ontogeny= study of the development of an organism
Phylogeny= study of evolutionary history and relationship between organisms

18. Embryology as Evidence for Evolution
Similar patterns of development across species indicate common ancestry/origin and shared genes
At the very early stages, many different organisms look almost indistinguishable

19. Antibiotic Resistance Genetic mutation Selection pressure MRSA
Biochemistry
DNA
Gene Synteny
Common Ancestry
Phylogeny
Chromosomal Synteny
98% Humans / Chimps
Antibiotic Resistance
Genetic mutation
Selection pressure
MRSA
Pesticide Resistance
Genetic Mutation
DDT-resistant mosquitoes

20. Biochemistry
Gene/Chromosomal synteny = similarities between genes and chromosomes, having the same location in different organisms
EX: Hox genes for body patterning

21. Antibiotic Resistance

22. Biochemistry as Evidence for Evolution
Genes serve the same purpose across many different species, structure and function
Genetic similarities indicate common ancestry
Heredity

23. Evidence of Evolution Evolution Paleontology Fossils Stratigraphy
Biogeography
Convergent
Divergent
Comparative Morphology
Vestigial organs
Homologous structures
Embryology
Ontogeny
Phylogeny
Biochemistry
DNA
Antibiotic resistance
Pesticide resistance
Speciation
Genetic variation
Environmental Selection
Isolation
Evidence of Evolution

24. How did Eukaryotes evolve?
Endosymbiotic theory: eukaryotic cells evolved by engulfing prokaryotic cells and they developed a mutualistic relationship
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory:
Organelles like the mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and resemble prokaryotes in structure and ability

25. What would it take for Evolution not to occur?
Random mating
No choosing sexual partners
Infinitely large population size
Increases data points
Reduces genetic drift
Only sexual reproduction
No binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation
No migration
Alleles cannot exit/enter the population
No mutation
No new alleles created or lost
No selection
No pressure to change allele frequencies

26. Exit-Ticket Questions:
What scientific evidence supports the process of evolution? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________
Describe the endosymbiont Theory of eukaryotic evolution. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________