1. APUSH Period 6: 1865-1898 The Rise of Industrial America 1865-1900
The Last West and the New South,
The Growth of Cities and American Culture,
The Politics of the Gilded AGe,
TEXT: AMSCO

2. Source: AP US History Curriculum Framework 2014-2015
Period 6:
KEY CONCEPTS:
6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and enviornment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.
6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.
6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies.
Source: AP US History Curriculum Framework

3. APUSH Period 6: 1865-1898 The Rise of Industrial America 1865-1900
A.K.A.
“The Age of Betrayal”
“Immigration and Urbanization”
“The Gilded Age”

4. The Rise of Industrial America 1865-1900
President Grover Cleveland in 1888 said “As we view the achievements of aggregated capital, we discover the existence of trusts, combinations, and monopolies while the citizen is struggling far in the rear or is trampled to death beneath an iron heel. Corporations, which should be the carefully restrained creatures of the law and servants of the people, are fast becoming the people’s masters.”

5. By 1900 the U.S. was the leading industrial power in the world (over Great Britain, France or Germany). WHY?
Raw Materials - coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber, and oil.
Abundant Labor Supply - immigrantspouring in “New Immigrants”.
Largest Market in the World for Industrial Goods - growing population and advanced transportation.
Investment in the Economic Expansion - Europeans and Wealthy American investment.
Increased Productivity - Patent System and labor saving technologies.
Laissez Faire Government Policies -friendly gov’t. policiesprotected private property, subsidized railroads, supported U.S. manufacturers with protective tariffs, limited taxes on corporate profits.
Entrepreneurs-managed vast industrial and commercial enterprises.

6. The Business of Railroads
Railroad mileage increased 35, ,000.
Led to market for goods on national scale which led to…
Mass production, mass consumption and economic specialization which led to...
Promotion of coal and steel.
American Railroad Association - 4 time zones.
Effect upon routines of daily life.
Creation of modern stockholder corporation and development of complex structures in finance, business management, and the regulation of competition.
Historical Theme: Work Exchange and Technology
Question: What other time in U.S. history can you compare this time period to? Think smaller scale. Think Tobacco

7. EASTERN TRUNK LINES
By 1860
Dozens of separate local lines, incompatible equipment were corrected during the period of as competing railroads were consolidated into integrated trunk lines.

8. New York Central Railroad
By 1867
Ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4,500 miles of track. Other trunk lines were Baltimore, Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroads that connected eastern seaports with Chicago and other Western cities.

9. Railroad Entrepreneurs Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt
James Hill
Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt
Henry Flagler
Ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4,500 miles of track. Other trunk lines were Baltimore, Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroads that connected eastern seaports with Chicago and other Western cities.
Jay Gould

10. Federal Land Grants - Homestead Act Transcontinental Railroads:
Western Railroads
Federal Land Grants - Homestead Act
Transcontinental Railroads:
Union Pacific and Central Pacific (1869)
Southern Pacific
Atchison
Topeka
Santa Fe
Northern Pacific
Great Northern (James Hill)
Settled the West but, failed in business with low populations.

11. Competition and Consolidation
JP Morgan
Jay Gould
Pg 321 and 322 in AMSCO
JP Morgan moved to consolidate the railroad companies in order to save them after the Financial panic of In so doing, he created monopolies. Jay Gould was a speculator who invested millions in railroads by selling off assets and watering stock.
Granger Movement pushed for fair tactics to protect farmers - government intervention. Granger laws were passed in 1870s but overturned by the ICC Act of 1886 to oversee railroad
overturned by the ICC Act 1886

12. STEEL INDUSTRY OIL INDUSTRY
2. Industrial Empires
STEEL INDUSTRY OIL INDUSTRY
Andrew Carnegie - US Steel Edwin Drake st Well
John D. Rockefeller
Carnegie sold U.S. Steel for 400 million dollars to J.P. Morgan in 1900
Rockefeller amassed over 900 million dollars by retirement.
Are these men Captains of Industry (or Statesmen) or Robber Barons? Page 332 Read and mini debate.

14. Antitrust Movement
Trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s resulting in a Congressional Act, the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 which prohibited any contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce”
Combining businesses in order to gain a monopoly would not be supported by the Government. The act didn’t have much bite especially when the Supreme Court ruled in favor of manufacturing trusts. They decided that the Sherman A.T. Act only applied to commerce, not to manufacturing. Teddy Roosevelt is credited for breaking up Standard Oil when he became President during the early 20th Century.

15. 2. Laissez-Faire Capitalism Conservative Economic Theories
Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations (1776) “Invisible Hand” of Supply and Demand will regulate business.
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer - idea of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace.
William Graham Sumner - argued that helping the poor was misguided as it interfered with the laws of nature and would only weaken the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. This supported race theories into the 20th century.
Gospel of Wealth
Hard work and material success are signs of God’s favor.
John D. Rockefeller said “God gave me my riches”
Reverand Russell Conwell preached that everyone had a duty to become rich.
Andrew Carnagie “Wealth” - the wealthy had a God-given responsibility to carry out projects of civi philanthropy for the benefit of society million of his fortune supported civic projects - libraries, universities, and various publicinstitutions.
Carnegie sold U.S. Steel for 400 million dollars to J.P. Morgan in 1900
Rockefeller amassed over 900 million dollars by retirement.
This was because the Government was using Laissez Faire Capitalism to enable and allow business to grow in the U.S. There was little to no government regulation of business, economic, scientific and religious beliefs of the late 19th century.

16. 4. Technology and Innovations
Inventions:
Communications Revolution :
Samuel F.B. Morse telegraph. 1844
Cyrus W. Field’s improved transatlantic cable 1866
By 1900 cables linked all continents of the world in an electronic network of nearly instantaneous, global communication.
Internationalized markets and prices for basic commodities, such as grains, coal, and steel - placing local and smaller producers at mercy of international forces.
Other Noteworthy Inventions:
Typewriter (1867)
Telephone (1867) A.G. Bell
Cash Register (1879)
Calculator (1887)
Adding Machine (1888)
Kodak Camera (1888) George Eastman
Fountain Pen (1884) Lewis E. Waterman
King Gillette’s safety razor and blade (1895)
Edison and Westinghouse
Marketing Consumer Goods

17. 4. Technology and Innovations
Inventions Continued:
Edison and Westinghouse
Thomas Edison - possibly greatest inventor of 19th Century.
First invention patented was a machine for recording votes in Attempted to get Congress to use it. Was never used.
Research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ was highest in most important contribution to science and industry as it introduced the concept of mechanics and engineers working on a project as a team rather than as lone inventors. Thousands of patented inventions including the phonograph and improvement in the light bulb, the dynamo for generating electric power, the mimeograph machine, and the motion picture camera.
George Westinghouse patents, air brake for railroads (1869), transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current (AC Current) (1885). AC Current made possible the lighting of cities and the operation of electric streetcars, subways, and electrically powered machinery and appliances.
Marketing Consumer Goods
R.H. Macy in Ny
Marshall Field in Chicago
Frank Woolworth
Sears, Roebuck and Montgomery Ward - mail order companies (wish book)
Packaged food items - Kellogg and Post
Gustavus Swift - mass produced meat and vegetable products
OVERALL: Advertising and New Marketing techniques -promoted consumer economy and culture of shopping becoming a favorite pasttime.

18. 5. Impact of Industrialization The Concentration of Wealth
The wealthiest 10% of population controlled 90% of the nation’s wealth.
Millionaires
Mansions
Sailing Yachts
Lavish Parties
Ex. : Vanderbilts’ waterfront property in Newport Rhode Island
Horatio Alger Myth
Novelist who encouraged the American Dream - modest means, working hard, honest relations and good luck. Rags to riches is possible but unusual ( like Andrew Carnegie).
The growth of American industry raised the standard of living for most people. However, growth also created sharper economic and class divisions among the rich, the middle class, and the poor. Competition for jobs further entrenched discriminatory acts against minorities and prevented attainment of egalitarian practices.

19. 5. Impact of Industrialization cont….
The Expanding Middle Class
Corporations = thousands of white-collar workers (no manual labor) to fil administrative structures….middle management
Corporations = jobs for accountants, clerical workers and salespersons.
Middle Management = demand for doctors and lawyers, public employees and storekeepers.
Good paying occupations = sig. increase in middle class.
Wage Earners
By 1900, ⅔ of all working Americans worked for wages (10 hrs, 6 days a week).
Avg. wages were less than $380 a year.

20. 5. Impact of Industrialization cont….
Working Women
Only 5% of married women worked outside home. Most workers young and single.
Women’s proper role was in home.
Factory work was usually extension of home: textile, garment, food processing.
Demand for clerical workers = women replacing male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, telephone operators.
This led to lost status and lower wages/salaries for these now feminized positions.
Labor Discontent
Factory work:
Monotonous
Immigrants from abroad and migrants from rural America.
Railroad and minining - dangerous
Exposure to chemicals, pollutants
Rebellion against intolerable working conditions by missing work or quitting. 20% dropped out of industries. Smaller % joined unions.

22. 6. The Struggle of Orgnized Labor Industrial Warfare
Cheap labor = Management held most power with organized labor.
Strikers easily replaced by scabs (strike breakers)
Employers used all tactics for defeating unions:
Lockout (close the factory before labor organization for strike)
Blacklist names of pro-union workers
Yellow-dog contracts - agree not to join a union
Private Guards and State Militia - put down strikes
Court Injunctions - against strikes.
The late 19th century witnessed the most deadly and frequent labor conflicts in the nation’s history. Many feared the country was headed toward open warfare between capital and labor.
Management fostered public fear of unions as anarchistic and un-American. Before 1900, if violence erupted, management could call in the support of federal and state governments.
Labor was often divided on methods to fight management. Political action? Direct Confrontation? Strike? Picket? Boycott? Slowdown? How do they achieve union recognition and collective bargaining.

23. 6. The Struggle of Orgnized Labor cont….
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Railroad companies cut wages to reduce costs.
Strike on Baltimore and Ohio Railroads
Spread over 11 states, shut down ⅔ of rail trackage
Involving railroad and other industries...Over 500,000
President Rutherford B. Hayes sent fed. troops to end.
100 people were killed.
Some employers addressed workers grievances by improving wages and working conditions. Others busted workers’ organizations
One of worst outbreaks of labor violence.

24. 6. The Struggle of Orgnized Labor cont….
Attempts to Organize National Unions
National Labor Union s; first attempt; skilled/un skilled
Knights of Labor ; second attempt; secret society;
Terence Powderly leadership; went public in 1881; all workers
Haymarket Bombing - Chicago site of May Day labor mov’t. Met at Haymarket Square in Chicago; anarchists threw a bomb killing 7 police; Knights of Labor lost popularity and membership
American Federation of Labor - Founded 1886, only 25 craft unions; leader Samual Gompers until 1924; focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901, 1 million members.
Before the 1860s, unions had been organized as local associations in one city or region. They usually focused on one craft or type of work.

25. Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Plant near Pittsburgh Strike
6. The Struggle of Orgnized Labor cont….
Strikebreaking in the 1890s
Homestead Strike
Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Plant near Pittsburgh Strike
Lockout, private guards, strikebreakers.
Strike failed = setback until the new Deal in 1930s
Pullman Strike
Company town of Pullman (railcar building co.)
Union railroad boycott.
Railroad owners supported Pullman, linked cars to mail trains. Grover Cleveland ordered end to boycott and strike.
Leader Eugene V. Debs were arrested and jailed for failure to respond to Presidential injunction.
Supreme Court approved use of court injunctions against strikes.
Debs turned to socialism and founded the American Socialist party in 1900.
By 1900, only 3 % of American workers belonged to unions
Regional Differences
Northeast and Midwest saw industrial growth with largest populations, most capital and best transportation.
Industry growth = more cities, more immigrants and migrants = more middle class jobs.
What about the West and the South?
Before the 1860s, unions had been organized as local associations in one city or region. They usually focused on one craft or type of work.

26. Period 6: 1865-1898 KEY CONCEPTS:
Answer the following question. Be sure to address each part in your answer:
How did the rise of big business in the United States
#1 Encourage massive migrations and urbanization?
#2: Spark government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and enviornment?
#3. Renew debates over U.S. national identity?

27. Source: AP US History Curriculum Framework 2014-2015
Period 6:
KEY CONCEPTS:
6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and enviornment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.
6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.
6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies.
Source: AP US History Curriculum Framework

28. The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900
APUSH
Period 6:
The Rise of Industrial America
The Last West and the New South,
The Growth of Cities and American Culture,
The Politics of the Gilded AGe,
TEXT: AMSCO

29. APUSH Period 6: 1865-1898 The Last West and the New South 1865-1900
A.K.A.
“The Age of Betrayal”
“Immigration and Urbanization”
“The Gilded Age”

30. The Last West and the New South 1865-1900
The West: Settlement of the Last Frontier
Included the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains and the Plateau
Plains:The plains west of the 100th meridian had few trees and less than 15” of rainfall a year
Winter blizzards
Hot dry summers
15 million bison
Provided food, clothing, shelter and tools for the estimated 250,000 American Indians living in the West in 1865.
By 1900:
Bison herds wiped out
Open lands fenced by homesteads and ranches, steel rails and modernized new towns
Ten new western states.
Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma were still territories by 1900.
Environment damaged.
American Indians paid a high human and cultural price through the settlement of miners, ranchers and farmers.
American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. The true point of view in the history of this nation is not the Atlantic coast, it is the Great West. F J Turner, 1893
The South and the West supplied raw materials and consumed northern manufactured goods. Their geography, people, and cultures shaped their regional characteristics into the future.
The West constituted

31. B. The Mining Frontier
Discovery of Gold 1848
California Gold Rush (extended well into the 1890s)
Placer mining to deep-shaft mining which required investors and corporations.
Helped to settle the region
States of: Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, South Dakota
Discovery of gold near Pike’s Peak 1859 brought 100,000 miners
Comstock Lode in in Nevada territory brought Nevada into the Union in 1864
Idaho and Montana received early statehood largely because of mining booms
Boomtowns
Saloons, dancehall girls, vigilante justice
became ghost towns after gold/silver ran out.
Nevada’s Virginia City (created by Comstock Lode) grew, adding theaters, churches, newspapers, schools, libraries, railroad and police.
Mark Twain started his career as a writer for the Virginia City newspaper in the early 1860s.
San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver expanded into prosperous cities.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Experienced miners from Europe, Latin America and China filled positions in mining companies.
Half the population was foreign born in mining towns.
⅓ of western miners in the 1860s were Chinese immigrants (resented by Native born Americans)
Miner’s Tax
$20 a month tax on all foreign born miners.
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act which prohibited further immigration to the US by Chinese Laborers. Continued until First major act of Congress to restrict immigration on basis of race and nationality.
Mining stimulated the settlement of the West and also reshaped economics and politics.
Vast increase in supply of silver created a crisis over the relative value of gold and silver backed currency.
Bitter political issue in 1880s and 1890s with Populist Party.
Disasterous effect upon American Indians who lost lands to miners.

32. C. The Cattle Frontier
Vast Open Grasslands from Texas to Canada was realized after the Civil War.
Mexican Vaqueros (cowboys) rounded up and raised cattle on a small scale.
Texas longhorn cattle were borrowed from the Mexicans.
By 1860s wild herds of about 5 million head of cattle roamed freely over Texas grasslands.
The markets for cattle opened up as railroads going into Kansas after the war were built.
Joseph G. McCoy built the first stockyards in Abilene Kansas.
Held cattle destined for Chicago.
$30-$50 a head
Dodge City and other cowtowns sprang up along the railroads to handle the millions of cattle driven up the cattle trails out of Texas in the 1860s and 1870s.
Cowboys were Mexicans, African Americans, Civil War Veterans, etc. who received about a dollar a day for their dangerous work.
Long cattle drives come to an end in the 1880s.
Overgrazing destroyed grass (and therefore Native American and Buffalo).
Winter blizzard and drought of killed off 90% of cattle.
Homesteaders closed the open range of cattle farmers. Invention of Barbed wire fencing by Joseph Gliden in 1874 ensured closed ranges.
Scientific ranching techniques replaced open range farming.
New breeds of cattle that produced more tender beef.
American eating habits changed from pork to beef.
Legend of the rugged, self-reliant American cowboy.

33. D. The Farming Frontier
Homestead Act of 1862 (put in place during C.W. by Lincoln)
160 acres of public land free to any family if:
Settled for 5 years
Farmed successfully.
Promise of free land and promotions of railroads and land speculators = migrants and immigrants!
500,000 families or more took advantage of the Homestead Act ( )
Best public lands ended up in hands of railroad companies and land speculators.
Problems and Solutions
Pioneer families
“sodbusters” who built their first homes in the dry and treeless plains of sod bricks.
Extreme heat and cold, plagues of grasshoppers, lonesome lives.
Scarce water and wood for fences and burning.
Mail order windmills to drill deep wells provided some water.
160 was not adequate
severe weather and falling prices for crops
Cost of new machinery
Failure of ⅔ of homesteaders’ farms on the Great Plains by 1900
Western Kansas lost half population between 1888 and 1892.
Surviving families used
Dry farming
Deep Plowing
Hardy strains of Russian wheat
Dams and irrigation
Reshaping rivers and physical environment of the West to provide water for agriculture.

34. E. The Closing of the Frontier
Oklahoma Territory opened in 1889
At one point set aside for American Indians.
Great land rush.
US Census Bureau declared entire frontier had been settled.
Turner’s Frontier Thesis
Frederick Jackson Turner “The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893)
300 years of frontier experience shaped American culture
Promotion of independence and rugged individualism.
Frontier was a powerful social leveler
Breaking down class distinctions thus fostering:
Social and political democracy.
Caused Americans to be inventive and practical minded as well as wasteful with natural resources.
Closing of the Frontier troubled Turner.
Availability of land on the frontier was a safety valve for discontent Americans.
Loss of Frontier = US class division and social conflict
Historians acknowledge that by 1890s largest movement of Americans was to cities and industrialized areas.
Dominance of rural America was also on a decline.

35. F. American Indians in the West
American Indians who occupied the West in 1865
Belonged to dozens of different cultural and tribal groups.
New Mexico and Arizona
Hopi and Zuni
Permanent living structures and settlements as farmers raising corn and livestock.
Navajo and Apache peoples of the Southwest
Nomadic hunter gatherers who were becoming more settled
Raised crops and livestock
Arts and Crafts
Chinook and Shasta in Pacific Northwest
Complex communities
Fish and game
Two thirds lived on the Great Plains
Nomadic tribes such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, CRow and Comanche.
Gave up farming in colonial times after intro. of horse by the Spanish.
Skillfull horse riders
Hunted buffalo for survival and trade.
Lived in small tribes of members (but numbered in the several thousands)
Late 1900 conflicts with US gov’t. were partly result of ignorance of white American understanding of loose tribal organizatino and nomadic lifestyle.
Reservation Policy
Andrew Jackson’s 1830s removal policy to the West was based upon the idea lands West of the Mississippi would remain Indian Country.
Oregon Trail and plans for transcontinental railroad changed this.
1851 Fort Laramie and Fort Atkinson meetings, Fed. gov’t.assigned Plains tribes large tracts of land - reservations-with definite boundaries.
Most Plains tribes refused to restrict their movement and continued to be nomadic

36. Sioux
Blackfoot
Cheyenne

37. d. Indian Wars
i. Movement to the west resulted in violence.
ii. Fighting was brutal
iii Sioux War
Army column under Captain William Fetterman was wiped out by Sioux warriers
Another round of treaties placed Plains Indians on smaller reservations with promised federal support.
Gold Miners refused to stay off reservation land (Dakotas’ Black Hills)
Minor chiefs not involved in treaty making and young warriors denounced treaties and attempted to return to ancestral lands.
New round of Wars in 1870s
Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the Feds.
Nullified previous treaties.
Red River War against the Comanche in the Southern plains
Second Sioux War - Sioux were defeated
Led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in northern plains.
Same Sioux ambushed and destroyed Colonel George Custer’s command at Little Big Horn in 1876.
Chief Joseph’s effort to lead a band of the Nez Perce into Canada ended in defeat and surrender in 1877.
US Army forced tribes to comly with the Feds.
Last effort of American Indians to resist:
Religious movement - Ghost Dance
Belief it would return prosperity to American Indians.
Sitting Bull was killed during his arrest.
1890, US Army gunned down more than 200 American Indian men, women and children in the “battle” of Wounded Knee in the Dakotas.
Marked the end of the Indian Wars on a crimsoned prairie.

38. e. Assimilationists
Helen Hunt Jackson’s Best-selling book A Century of Dishonor (1881)
Created sympathy.
Generated support for ending Indian culture through assimilation.
Formal education
job training
conversion to Christianity
Boarding schools such as the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania
White Culture
Farming
Industrial Skills
f. Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Designed to break up tribal organizations which many felt inhibited assimilation and civilization.
Divided trial lands into plots of up to 160 acres depending upon family size.
US citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of civilized life.
Gov’t. distributed 47 million acres of land to AMerican Indians.
Over 90 million acres of former reservation land (often best land) sold over years to white settlers by the gov’t, speculators or American Indians themselves.
Failure
Disease and poverty reduced American Indian population to just 200,000 persons most were wards of the gov’t.
g. Changes in the 20th Century
1924 partial recognition that assimilation had failed.
Gov’t granted US citizenship to all American Indians regardless of completion of previous requirements.
Indian Reorganization Act (as per FDR’s New Deal)
promoted establishment of tribal organization and culture.
more than 3 million American Indians belonging to 500 tribes live within the U.S.

39. G. The Latino Southwest
Citizenship and guaranteed property rights for Spanish speaking landowners in CA and SW.
Drawn out legal proceedings often resulted in sale or loss of lands to new Anglo arrivals
Hispanic Culture preserved:
New Mexico territories (predominant Spanish speaking areas) and border towns as well as the barrios of California
Mexican Americans were migrant workers:
Sugar Beet Fields
Mining
Railroads
5. Mexicans were drawn by explosive economic development of the region but few records were kept regarding seasonal work or permanent settlers.
H. The Conservation Movement
State Parks created to preserve western landscapes:
Yosemite Valley in CA (1890 National park)
Yellowstone National Park (1872)
Carl Shurz, Sec. of Interior in 1880s advocated creation of forest reserves and federal forest service
Presidents Ben. Harrison and Grover Cleveland reserved 33 million acres of national timber.
2. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891
3. Forest Management Act of 1897
withdrew federal timberlands from deveopment and regulated their use.
Conservationists believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources.
Preservationists such as John Muir: were a part of the growing conservation movement by 1900.
Founder of the Sierra Club in aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference.
Arbor Day
Audobon Society
Sierra Club

40. II. The New South - new vision for Southern self-sufficiency built on modern capitalistic values.
Note: Harry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution spread the gospel of the New South with editorials that argued for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. Local gov’t offered tax exemptions to investors and the promise of low-wage labor.
Economic Progress
Cities, Textual industry and improved railroads.
By 1900, South had:
400 cotton mills employing almost 100,000 white workers.
Southern railroads converted to the standard gauge rails used in the North and West and was integrated into the national rail network
Rate of post-war growth from equaled or surpassed that of hte rest of the country in population, industry and railroads.
B. Continued Poverty
Largely Agricultural and also the poorest regionl
North a a greater extent than before the war, financed the southern economy.
Northern investors controled ¾ of southern railroads
By 1900 Northern investors had control of the South’s steel industry as well
Profit shares went to northern banks and financiers.
Industrial workers earned half of national average as well as worked longer. (mostly white workers)
Most southerners of both races used sharecropping and farmed to get by from year to year.
2. Poverty not caused by northern capitalists:
South’s late start at industrialization
Poorly educated workforce.
Very few had technological and engineering skills needed for development.
South failed to invest in Technical and engineering schools.
Political Leadership in South provided litle support for education of either poor whites or poor African Americans.
Limited economic opportunities with lack of educated labor force.

41. Between 870 and 1900 # of acres planted doubled.
C. Agriculture
Cotton
Between 870 and 1900 # of acres planted doubled.
Increase in cotton = decrease in prices in world markets (by more than 50%)
Many farmers lost their farms.
Most farmers (more than half of region’s white farmers and ¾ black farmers were tenants or sharecroppers of acres of land.
Shortage of credit
Tied to land by debt - still felt enslaved.
Diversification
George Washington Carver (AA Scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans
His work helped to shift southern ag. toward diversified base. The Man Who Talks with the Flowers
Farmers’ Southern Alliance
Claimed more than 1 million members.
Colored Farmers’ National Alliance
Claimed 250,000 members
Rallied with FSA to solve economic problems but unsuccessful because of powerful racial attitudes and economic interests of upper class (in other industries)
D. Segregation
End of Reconstruction 1877
North withdrew Federal Troops
Democratic politicians who came to power in the Southern states after Reconstruction (“Redeemers”) won support from the business community and white supremacists. “Redeem the South”
Supremecists favored segregation of public facilities for blacks and whites
Played on the racial fears of whites and treated African Americans as social inferiors.
Discrimination and Supreme Court
Federal Laws protected blacks during Reconstruction
1870s US Supreme Court stuck down Reconstruction Acts
Civil Rights Cases of 1883, Court ruled Congress cannot legislate against racial discrimination practiced by private citizens (including railroad, hotels and other businesses used by the public).
1896 Plessy V. Ferguson
Separate but Equal
Court ruled Louisiana law did not violate the 14th Amentment’s right of equal protection under the law.
The Farmers' Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. The movement included several parallel but independent political organizations — the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union among the white farmers of the South, the National Farmers' Alliance among the white and black farmers of the Midwest and High Plains, where the Granger movement had been strong, and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, consisting of the African American farmers of the South.
One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following theAmerican Civil War. The Alliance also generally supported the government regulation of the transportation industry, establishment of an income tax to restrict speculative profits, and the adoption of an inflationary relaxation of the nation's money supply as a means of easing the burden of repayment of loans by debtors. The Farmers' Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People's Party, commonly known as the "Populists."

43. 3. Loss of Civil Rights
Resulted in wholesale dis-enfranchisement of black voters by 1900.
,334 black voters registered but only 1,342 in % decline.
Obstacles to voting:
LIteracy tests
Poll taxes
Political party primaries for whites only
Grandfather clauses
Supreme Court sanctioned laws in case that upheld States rights to useliteracy tests to determine citizens’ qualifications for voting.
Discrimination took many forms
African Americans barred from serving on juries in Southern courts.
African Americans accused of crimes were not given the formality of a court-ordered sentence.
Lynch mobs killed more than 1,400 men in the 1890s
Economic discrimination kept Afr. Americans out of skilled trades and factory jobs.
Poor whites and immigrants learned industrial skills to earn middle class status.
Afr. Americans largely remained primarily in farming and low-paying domestic work
Responding to Segregation
Confrontation
Ida B. Wells (Muckracker) andeditor of the Memphis Free Speech compained against lynching and Jim Crow laws.
Death threats and destruction of her printing press forced her to move North.
Black leaders advocated migration
Bishop Henry Turner formed the International Migration Society in 1894 to help blacks emigrate to Africa.
Many moved West to Kansas and Oklahoma
Accomodate Oppression -accept and earn equality.
Booker T. Washington in 1881 established the Tuskegee Institution (Ind. and Ag. school for African Americans.
Hard work moderation and self help. Self Reliance is key to equality.
The agitation of the questions of social euality is the extremist folly”
1900 organized the National Negro Business League
Andrew Carnegie and President Teddy Roosevelt supported.
WEB DuBois argued that the 14th Amendment GAVE them the rights...didn’t have to earn it!
Demanded equal civil rights to all Americans

44. WEB DuBois Booker T. Washington

45. III. Farm Problems: North, South and West
Changes in Agriculture
Commercialized
Specialized
Northern and Western
Cash Crops of corn and wheat (international and national markets.
Industrialized by large and expensive machines
Steam engines, seeders, reaper-thresher combines.
Run like factories
Small farms couldn’t compete and driven out of business
Falling Prices
1867 Wheat was $2.01 per Bushel $.70/bushel
1867 Corn was $$.78 per bushel , $.28/bushel
Effects:
Farms with Mortgages faced high interest rates, could not pay off old debts
Foreclosures by banks
More tenants and sharecroppers
Rising Costs
Industries could keep prices high by monopolies.
Wholesalers got their “cut”
Railroads, warehouses and elevators too profits by charging high rates for shipment and storage of grain.
Taxes
Local and state gov’t taxed property and land heavily but not income from stocks and bonds.
Tariffs protected some industries and were seen as an unfair tax upon farmers and consumers for the benefit of industrialists.
until this guy….

46. Fighting Back
National Grange Movement (1868) Oliver H. Kelley
Organization for farmers and families
Granges existed in almost every state within 5 years of 1868 (most in Midwest)
Active in economics and politics
Against middlemen, trusts and railroads.
Established cooperatives
Local Granges lobbied successfully to pass laws regulating charges by railroads and elevators.
Made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and to give rebates to privileged customers.
Munn v. Illinois (1877) SC upheld right of a state to regulate business of a public nature such as railroads.
Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
States regulated only local or short-haul rates.
Federal Government was incharge of regulating state to state railroad rates.
Attacked problem with regulating railroads that crossed state lines - interstate commerce.
Wabash v. Illinois (1886) Supreme Court ruled that the individual states could NOT regulate commerce between states, only local commerce.
Farmers and shippers insisted that the Fed. Gov’t help and passed the ICA (Interstate Commerce Act, 1886).
Farmers’ Alliances
State and regional groups like the Grange Movement.
Made up of farmers
Taught about scientific farming methods
Economic and political action were main goals.
Grassroots to Populist Movement
By million farmers had joined farmers’ alliances.
Both poor white and black farmers joined in the South.

47. Ocala Platform
National Alliance met in Ocala to address problems of rural America.
Attacked major parties.
Supported:
Direct election of U.S. Senators (original US Constitution, senators were selected by state legislatures)
Lower tariff rates
Graduated income tax
New banking system regulated by Fed. Gov’t.
Treasure notes and silver be used to increase amount of money in circulation
This would create inflation and raise crop prices.
Proposed federal storage for farmers’ crops and federal loans to free farmers from dependency upon middlemen and creditors.
Many reform ideas of the Grange and Farmers’ alliances would become part of the Populist movement that shook up the 2-party system in the elections of 1892 and 1896 and continued to spur reform throughout US History (known as the Progressive Mov’t.

48. The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900
APUSH
Period 6:
The Rise of Industrial America
The Last West and the New South,
The Growth of Cities and American Culture,
The Politics of the Gilded AGe,
TEXT: AMSCO
STUDENTS READ SECTION 3 AND FILL IN THE OUTLINE - USED THIS AS A FLIP. COULD MAKE THEM CREATE THEIR OWN POWERPOINT FROM THE OUTLINE.

49. Source: AP US History Curriculum Framework 2014-2015
Period 6:
KEY CONCEPTS:
6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.
6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.
6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies.
Source: AP US History Curriculum Framework

50. Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,
Send these, the homeless, the tempest-tossed, to me:
I lift my lamp beside the golden door.
~Emma Lazerus, “The New Colossus”
1883 Inscription on the base of the Statue of Liberty

51. Searching for a New Frontier
In May of 1893, fairgrounds covering nearly two square miles of Chicago were opened to the public. The city had been chosen to host the World's Columbian Exposition, a year-long celebration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. The fair was a grand display of American history and world culture featuring carefully crafted buildings, exciting exhibits, notable speakers, and remarkable new inventions: the giant Ferris Wheel, strange new foods such as the hamburger, and a concoction of popcorn, molasses, and peanuts called "Cracker Jacks." Some 27 million people—one quarter of the nation's population in the 1890s—visited the exposition, making it the largest tourist attraction in United States history.
The Chicago World's Fair, with its scale-model replicas of classic architecture, itsimmaculate streets and sidewalks, and its wealth of wholesome entertainment, was quite different from the world that existed outside the fairgrounds. Like a nineteenth-century Disneyland, the exposition offered, for those who could afford the admission fee, a respite from the humdrum of daily life.
Searching for a New Frontier
Fair exhibits and presenters inspired guests to indulge in America's glorious past and to dream of a splendid future. Frederick Jackson Turner, a historian picked to speak in Chicago during the exposition, chose to talk with his audience about the new frontier. For nearly three centuries, Americans had explored the western frontier in search of land, wealth, freedom, and adventure. As the nineteenth century came to a close, he said, America's borders could stretch no further within the continent. All the land in the western frontier had been explored and settled, and the great era of expansion appeared to be over. Would the unique, rugged spirit of the nationdisappear with its open land? Turner assured his audience it would not. Movement would continue, he predicted, as the nation broadened its notion of "manifest destiny" and looked beyond its continental borders toward the rest of the world.7

52. A Nation of Immigrants
Growth of Immigration
Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants
Old
Northern and Western Europe
British Isles
Germany
Scandanavia
German Catholics
Mostly English speaking
High Literacy and occupational skills.
Blended Easily
New
1890s, outbreak of WWI in 1914, new immigrants came.
Southern and Eastern Europe
Italians
Greeks,
Croats
Slovaks
Poles and
Russians
Poor, white, illiterate peasants
Unaccustomed to democratic conditions
Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Jewish
New York, Chicago and other major US cities were first stop after Ellis Island.

53. Restricting Immigration
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 Restriction on immigrants who were Paupers, criminals, convicts
1885 Contract Labor Law
1892 More rigorous medical examinations and pay a tax before entering at Ellis Island
1917 Literacy test for immigrants
Supported by
Labor Unions
Nativist Society, the American Protective Association which was openly prejudiced against Roman Catholics.
Social Darwinists who believed new immigrants as biologically inferior to old immigrants.
Foreigners became the scapegoat for problems in the economy (depression of the 1890s) and problems with Unions.
Results: Did not stop influx of immigrants. 15% of US population were immigrants in Statue of Liberty was a beacon of hope for the poor and oppressed new immigrants until the 1920s when the Quota Acts almost closed Liberty’s golden door.

54. II. Urbanization
Changes in the Nature of Cities
Streetcar Cities
Skyscrapers
Ethnic Neighborhoods
Residential Suburbs
Private City vs. Public City
Boss and Machine Politics

55. III. Awakening of Reform
Books of Social Criticism
Settlement Houses
Social Gospel
Religion and Society
Families in Urban Society
Voting Rights for Women
Temperance Movement
Urban Reforms

56. IV. intellectual and Cultural Movements
Changes in Education
Public Schools
Higher Education
Social Sciences
The Professions
Literature and Arts
Realism and Naturalism
Architecture
Music

57. Popular Culture
Popular Press
Amusements
Spectator Sports
Amateur Sports

58. The Politics of the Gilded Age, 1877-1900
APUSH
Period 6:
The Rise of Industrial America
The Last West and the New South,
The Growth of Cities and American Culture,
The Politics of the Gilded Age,
TEXT: AMSCO

59. Source: AP US History Curriculum Framework 2014-2015
Period 6:
KEY CONCEPTS:
6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.
6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.
6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies.
Source: AP US History Curriculum Framework

60. Politics in the Gilded Age 1877-1900
Causes of Stalemate in Politics:
Belief in Limited Government
In tune with Social Darwinism and Laissez fair economics as well as the Supreme Court that favored limiting regulatory laws
Campaign Strategy
Avoid taking strong positions on issues.
Get pit tje vote without alienating voters on the issues
Brass bands, flags, campaign buttons, picnics, free beer, crowd-pleasing oratory.
Results: 80% of eligible voters for presidential elections, strong connections with regional, religious and ethnic ties of voters.
Republicans
Waved the bloody shirt of the Civil War to remind about the (southern) Democrats who killed Lincoln and caused the war.
Lincoln’s Party, reformers and African Americans
Men in business, middle class, Anglo Saxon Protestants, supported WCTU. Followed Hamilton and Whigs-pro business, high tariffs.
Democrats
After 1877, won every election in former states of Confederacy. “Solid South”
North had big city political machines and immigrant vote as well as Catholics, Lutherans and Jews who objected to WCTU.
Argued for states rights and limitinig powers of Gov’t. Traditionally Jeffersonian.
Party Patronage
Goal: Win elections, hold office.
Provide jobs to party faithful, i.e. R. Sen Roscoe Conkling who dictated jobs in the NY Customs House. Called “Stalwarts while rivals were the “Halfbreeds” led by James G. Blaine. “Mugwamps” was the term that was given to Republicans who sat on the fence on patronage to supporters.
Considered a low point for American politics during the Gilded Age.

61. Presidential Politics - Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur reflect political stalemate and patronage problems of the Gilded Age.
Rutherford B. Hayes - R
Winner of disputed election of 1876 (Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction by the removal of federal troops from the South and, therefore, protection of freedmen.
Attempted to re-establish honest government after Grant admin.
Supported WCTU with his wife “Lemonade Lucy” who cut the flow of liquor to the White House.
Voted against restriction of Chinese immigrants.
James Garfield - R
Pledged to only serve one term.
Election of >Repubs. compromised to have “Halfbreed” James A. Garfield of Ohio with a VP of “Stalwart” Chester A. Arthur of NY. Defeated a former Union general
Chose “Halfbreeds” for majority of jobs in the Whitehouse (not Stalwarts).
1881, deranged office seeker shot Garfield in the back. After 11 wk struggle, he passed and Arthur became President.
Chester A. Arthur
Supported reforming civil service-Pendleton Service Act-required qualifications rather than political connectedness.
Started the modern American navy and challenged high tariffs
Congressional Leaders
John Sherman (Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890)
The Election of Grover Cleveland voted in (page 383)
Cleveland’s First Term - Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 & Dawes Act of 1887 and conserved some 81 million acres of land.

62. Issues: Civil Service Currency and Tariffs
Civil Service Reform
Pendleton Act of 1881 set up the Civil Service Commission and set up a system that ensured qualified people were hired including not allowing the servant to be able to make political contributtions.
Beginning only applied to 10 jobs but later expanded until most fed. jobs were classified.
Withdrawal of party supporters meant reliance on wealthy to fund campaigns..still a debate today of which was better.
Money Question
Hotly debated issue of the Gilded Age - increasing the money supply.
Debtors, farmers and start up businesses wanted more easy or soft money in circulation to borrow and/or pay off their loans with inflated dollars.
Bankers, creditors, investors and established businesses required “hard” money backed by gold stored in gov’t. vaults.
Holders of money knew:as US economy and population grew faster than number of gold backed dollars, each dollar would gain in value.
Dollar increased by as much as 300% between
Greenback Party-against removal of paper money circulated for financing the Civil War.
Supporters of paper money formed new political party.
Rec’d more than 1 million votes, 14 members elected to Congress.
Died out after 1870s (page 385)
Demands for Silver Money
Bland-Allison Act allowed limited coinage of silver after Congress had removed the coinage of silver in 1870s.
Tariff Issue-pg 385-tariffs provided more than half of fed. revenue.

63. II. The Growth of Discontent, 1888-1896
Harrison and the Billion-Dollar Congress
Election of Cleveland D and Ben Harrison R (grandson of WH Harrison)
Dems - low tarifff Won popular vote but, lost electoral college votes
Repubs - high tariffs (lower would wreck business prosperity) WON
Billion-dollar Congress- most active in years; enacted the following:
McKinley Tariff 1890 raised to more than 48%!
Increase in CW vet monthly pensions to vets, widows and kids
Sherman Antitrust Act
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of increased coinage of silver but not enough.
Return of Democrats (in Congress)
Rise of the Populists - Growing agrarian discontent in S and W
Farmers Alliances elected several senators, representatives, governors and majorities in four state legislatures in the West
Omaha Platform
Foundation of Populist (People’s) Party- attack on Capitalism
Met in Omaha, Nebraska in 1892 to draft a political platform and nominate candidates for president and vp for new party.
Called for both political and economic reforms:
Direct popular election of US senators
Use of initiatives and referendums, procedures that allowed citizens to vote directly on proposed laws
Unlimited coinage of silver.
Graduated income tax
public ownership of railroads by US gov’t.
Telegraph and telephone systems owned and operated by US gov’t
Loans and federal warehouses for farmers to enable stabilized crop prices (price floors)
8 hour day for industrial workers
Election of 1892
James Weaver of Iowa won more than 1 million votes and 22 electoral votes. Lost in South and didn’t attract Urban voters in North. Fear of uniting whites and blacks kept back S. Dems.
Repubs and Dems had rematch between Cleveland and Harrison.
This time Cleveland won (he was now the 22nd and 24th President.

64. C. Depression Politics
Panic of 1893
America entered into ONE of its worst and longest depression
Stock market crashed (overspeculation and railroads bankrupted)
Foreclosures, unemployment to 20 percent.
Soup kitchens and hoboes
Cleveland attempted to stay out of economics to allow business to repair the problem
Gold Reserve and Tariff
Since silver was losing value, people traded it for gold bullion which took reserves in US gov’t dangerously low.
Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 that required the Gov’t to purchase silver in exchange for treasury notes that could redeemed later for silver OR gold.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff in 1894
Provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates
2% income tax on incomes of more than $2k (mainly on the upper middle class.
Declared unconstitutional by conservative SC at the time.
Jobless on the March
Populist Jacob Coxy (Coxey’s Army” demanded the US gov’t spend $500 mil on public works programs and marched on WAshington
1894 William H. Harvey book Coins Financial School taught that American troubles were caused by rich bankers and said coinage of silver would return us to prosperity.

65. III. Turning Point in American Politics 1896
The Election of 1896
Bryan, Democrats, and Populists
Divided over gold and silver, William Jennings Bryan represented Dems with his powerful Cross of gold - “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold”.
Dems voted either for a New National Dem party or voted Republican. (LOST)
McKinley, Hanna, and Republicans
Friend of labor, financial powerhouse Mark Hanna backed McKinley. High tariff to protect industry, upheld gold standard against unlimited coinage of silver.
The Campaign
Bryan crusaded nationwide 18,000 miles, 600 speeches, positive, rousing, farmers and debtors supported him
Hanna campaigned for McKinley mass media. McKinley stayed home, front-porch type of campaign. McKinley won after sudden drop in wheat prices and lack of factory worker support.
McKinley’s Presidency (came in while market was rebounding)
Significance of the Election of marked end of stalemate/stagnation of Gilded Age, ended Populist party and era of Republican dominating presidency and both houses. of Congress.
Populist Demise
Declined after and ceased to be a party. Much of Populist reform agenda was adopted now and would be later during the PRogressive Era.
Urban Dominance - triumph of urban over rural values.
Beginning of Modern Politics -new levels of international affairs, campaign reform and drive was revolutionized under Hanna and use of mass media! (newspapers)